Sound

Sound is a result of vibration which is produced by a source, travels in the medium as a wave, and is ultimately sensed through the eardrum.

It travels in the form of waves through a medium that is a must for mechanical waves like sound to travel.

Sonic boom:

It is that type of sound that is like a thunderclap that basically arises due to the high speed of supersonic aircraft.
When the speed travels faster than sound and at much higher altitudes due to the shock waves, the “sonic boom” happens.
When the supersonic aircraft runs at a higher speed then it forms two principal shock fronts, one at its nose and the other at its tail.
It would sound like 50 ordinary jets taking off at the same time. As a supersonic jet moves through the air, it creates a high-energy, cone-shaped wake that trails behind the jet called a “sonic boom”.
Depending on the power it generates, the sonic boom can rattle windows or shatter them.
In some extreme cases, it may damage buildings. Such high noise levels obviously interrupt sleep and conversation.
For example, while the Indian Air Force testing supersonic aircraft then due to their high speed at high altitude, the sonic boom happened on 19th May 2021.
So, it is concluded that the waves generated by supersonic aircraft are called “sonic boom”.

Echo sounding is a type of sonar used to determine the depth of water by transmitting acoustic waves into water.

The time interval between emission and return of a pulse is recorded, which is used to determine the depth of water along with the speed of sound in water at the time. This information is then typically used for navigation purposes or in order to obtain depths for charting purposes.

Echo sounding can also refer to hydro acoustic “echo sounders” defined as active sound in water (sonar) used to study fish. 

Hydro acoustic assessments have traditionally employed mobile surveys from boats to evaluate fish biomass and spatial distributions. Conversely, fixed-location techniques use stationary transducers to monitor passing fish.

RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging System.

It is basically an electromagnetic system used to detect the location and distance of an object from the point where the RADAR is placed.
It works by radiating energy into space and monitoring the echo or reflected signal from the objects.
It operates in the UHF and microwave range.
Generally, it works in the microwave area of the electromagnetic spectrum that is calculated in hertz when frequencies extend from 400 MHz to 40 GHz.
Radar is an electromagnetic sensor, used to notice, track, locate, and identify different objects which are at certain distances.
Here the targets are nothing but ships, aircraft, astronomical bodies, automotive vehicles, spacecraft, rain, birds, insects, etc.