RRB NTPC — Set 29

Correct Answer: C. Ashoka

• The **Sarnath (Lion Capital) inscription** is one of the most important **Ashokan edicts** — the pillar at Sarnath bears the famous **Lion Capital**, which was adopted as India's National Emblem in 1950. • Ashoka erected **pillars with inscriptions (edicts)** across his empire to spread the message of **dhamma (righteousness)** and his administrative policies. • Sarnath in **Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)** is also where the Buddha preached his first sermon (Dhammachakkapavattana Sutta). • 💡 Chandragupta Maurya was Ashoka's grandfather; Bindusara was Ashoka's father; Brihadratha was the last Mauryan emperor — the Sarnath inscription is specifically associated with Ashoka.

Correct Answer: C. Mediterranean Sea

• The **Strait of Gibraltar** is a narrow stretch of water connecting the **Atlantic Ocean (west) to the Mediterranean Sea (east)**, separating Europe (Spain) from Africa (Morocco). • It is about **14 km wide** at its narrowest point and has been a strategic chokepoint throughout history. • The famous **Rock of Gibraltar** is a British Overseas Territory on the northern side. • 💡 Red Sea is connected to the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal; Arabian Sea is in the Indian Ocean basin; Caspian Sea is landlocked — only the Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic via the Strait of Gibraltar.

Correct Answer: B. Chauri Chaura incident

• Gandhi withdrew the **Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922** following the **Chauri Chaura incident** (4 February 1922) in which an angry mob set fire to a police station in Chauri Chaura village, Gorakhpur (UP), killing 22 policemen. • Gandhi called off the movement because **violence violated the core principle of non-violence (ahimsa)** that he insisted upon. • The withdrawal was controversial — many Congress leaders, including **Jawaharlal Nehru**, were disappointed. • 💡 The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919) preceded the Non-Cooperation Movement; the Simon Commission visit was in 1928; the Dandi March was in 1930 — only Chauri Chaura led to the movement's withdrawal.

Correct Answer: C. Silver

• **Silver (Ag)** has the **highest electrical conductivity** of all metals, with a conductivity of about 6.3 × 10⁷ S/m. • However, **copper** is more widely used in electrical wiring because it is far **cheaper** than silver while having nearly as high conductivity. • **Gold** is used in electronics despite lower conductivity than copper because it is highly **resistant to corrosion**. • 💡 Copper is the second best conductor and most widely used; gold is third but more corrosion-resistant; aluminium is cheaper but less conductive — silver has the highest electrical conductivity.

Correct Answer: C. Sukumar Sen

• **Sukumar Sen** was the **first Chief Election Commissioner of India**, serving from **21 March 1950 to 19 December 1958**. • He successfully conducted **India's first general elections in 1951–52** — the first elections in the world where an entire adult population voted. • He was also the chief election commissioner for the **second general elections in 1957**. • 💡 T.N. Seshan (1990–96) is famous for electoral reforms; M.S. Gill and S.P. Sen Verma served later — Sukumar Sen was the first and was responsible for organising the pioneering 1951–52 elections.

Correct Answer: C. Jamuna

• When the **Brahmaputra river** enters **Bangladesh**, it is known as the **Jamuna**. • In Arunachal Pradesh (where it enters India), it is called **Siang**; it becomes the Brahmaputra in Assam. • In Bangladesh, the Jamuna merges with the Padma (Ganga) to form the **Meghna**, which drains into the Bay of Bengal. • 💡 Siang is its name in Arunachal Pradesh; Lohit is a tributary; Meghna is the name of the river after it joins the Padma — Jamuna is the specific name in Bangladesh.

Correct Answer: D. Muslims

• The **Minto-Morley Reforms** (Indian Councils Act 1909), introduced by **Viceroy Lord Minto** and **Secretary of State John Morley**, created **separate electorates for Muslims** — a provision that would have lasting political consequences. • This was the first time communal representation was formally introduced in the Indian legislative system. • The reforms also increased Indian membership in legislative councils and allowed Indians to join the Viceroy's Executive Council. • 💡 Separate electorates for Sikhs came later; Scheduled Castes' separate electorates were proposed in the Communal Award (1932); women did not get separate electorates — it was specifically Muslims who got separate electorates under the 1909 reforms.

Correct Answer: C. Pancreas

• **Insulin** is produced by the **beta cells of the islets of Langerhans** in the **pancreas**. • Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by enabling cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream. • **Type 1 diabetes** occurs when the pancreas does not produce insulin; **Type 2 diabetes** occurs when the body doesn't use insulin effectively. • 💡 The liver stores glycogen and produces bile; kidneys filter blood; the spleen filters blood and is part of the immune system — only the pancreas produces insulin.

Correct Answer: B. The partition of Bengal

• The **Swadeshi Movement** emerged as a direct reaction to the **Partition of Bengal in 1905** by Lord Curzon, which was seen as a 'divide and rule' tactic by the British. • The movement involved **boycotting British goods** and promoting **Indian-made goods (swadeshi)** — it became one of the most significant economic forms of protest against British rule. • Key leaders included **Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal-Bal-Pal trio)**, and Aurobindo Ghosh. • 💡 The Partition of Punjab was a different event; the Rowlatt Act (1919) triggered the Non-Cooperation Movement protests; Gandhi's Non-Cooperation call was in 1920 — the Swadeshi Movement directly arose from the 1905 Partition of Bengal.

Correct Answer: D. Jupiter

• **Jupiter** is the **largest planet in the solar system**, with a diameter of about **142,984 km** — over 11 times the Earth's diameter and more than 2.5 times the combined mass of all other planets. • Jupiter is a **gas giant** composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. • It has at least **95 confirmed moons** including the four large Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. • 💡 Saturn is the second largest (famous for its rings); Uranus and Neptune are ice giants and smaller — Jupiter is definitively the largest planet in the solar system.

Correct Answer: C. Bengal Tiger

• **Ranthambore National Park** in **Rajasthan** is one of India's most famous **Project Tiger reserves**, renowned for its population of **Bengal tigers** and being one of the best places in India to spot tigers in the wild. • The park also has leopards, sloth bears, sambar deer, and gharials. • Ranthambore is named after the historic **Ranthambore Fort** within the park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. • 💡 Asiatic Lions are found only in Gir National Park (Gujarat); One-horned Rhinos are at Kaziranga (Assam); Snow Leopards are in the Himalayas — Ranthambore is specifically famous for Bengal tigers.

Correct Answer: C. Uniform Civil Code

• **Article 44** of the Indian Constitution is a **Directive Principle** which directs the state to endeavour to secure for citizens a **Uniform Civil Code (UCC)** throughout the territory of India. • A UCC would create one set of laws governing personal matters (marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption) for all citizens irrespective of religion. • The UCC remains a highly debated topic in India; **Goa** is the only Indian state with a common civil code. • 💡 Right to Education is Article 21A; Free Legal Aid is Article 39A; Equal pay for equal work is Article 39(d) — only Article 44 specifically deals with the Uniform Civil Code.

Correct Answer: B. Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal

• The **Chola dynasty** (especially during the reign of **Raja Raja Chola I** and **Rajendra Chola I**, 9th–13th centuries) established dominance over the **Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal** through a powerful naval force. • Rajendra Chola I even launched a **naval expedition to Southeast Asia** (defeating the Srivijaya Empire) around 1025 CE, marking one of India's greatest military achievements. • The Cholas controlled trade routes and established colonies in **Sri Lanka and the Maldives**. • 💡 The Arabian Sea was dominated by western powers; the Palk Strait alone is too narrow a definition; the Lakshadweep Sea is a modern term — the Chola empire's naval power extended over the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal.

Correct Answer: B. Decibel

• The **intensity of sound** (loudness) is measured in **decibels (dB)**, named after Alexander Graham Bell. • The decibel scale is **logarithmic** — an increase of 10 dB represents a tenfold increase in sound intensity. • Normal conversation is about **60 dB**; a jet engine at close range is about **140 dB** (which causes hearing damage). • 💡 Hertz (Hz) measures frequency of sound (pitch); Pascal measures pressure; Newton measures force — only decibel measures sound intensity/loudness.

Correct Answer: C. Calcutta Session, 1911

• **'Jana Gana Mana'** was first sung on **27 December 1911** at the **Calcutta Session** of the Indian National Congress. • It was composed by **Rabindranath Tagore** in Bengali/Sanskrit and was originally titled **'Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata'**. • The anthem was officially adopted by the **Constituent Assembly on 24 January 1950**. • 💡 The Lahore Session (1929) declared Purna Swaraj (complete independence); the Nagpur Session (1920) was significant for the Non-Cooperation Movement; Bombay (1915) was a separate session — Jana Gana Mana was first sung specifically at the 1911 Calcutta session.

Correct Answer: D. South America, Africa, and Australia

• The **Tropic of Capricorn** (23.5°S) passes through parts of **South America** (Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina), **Africa** (Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique), and **Australia** (Queensland). • It is the **southernmost latitude where the Sun can appear directly overhead** (at zenith), which happens on the **Winter Solstice** (around December 21) for the Northern Hemisphere. • It divides the **Southern Hemisphere** into tropical (north of it) and temperate (south of it) zones. • 💡 North America's southernmost extent is around 15°N (Panama); Europe does not extend below ~36°N; Asia extends to ~1°N at its southernmost — only South America, Africa, and Australia are crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn.

Correct Answer: C. Article 21

• **Article 21** of the Indian Constitution guarantees: **'No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law'**. • The Supreme Court has broadly interpreted Article 21 to include the right to **livelihood, dignity, health, education, clean environment, and more**. • The landmark **Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India case (1978)** expanded the scope of Article 21 by ruling that the procedure must be fair, just, and reasonable. • 💡 Article 19 gives six fundamental freedoms; Article 20 protects against conviction for ex post facto laws; Article 22 provides protection against arbitrary arrest — only Article 21 is the right to life and personal liberty.

Correct Answer: D. Calcium sulphate hemihydrate

• **Plaster of Paris (POP)** is **calcium sulphate hemihydrate** — chemical formula **CaSO₄·½H₂O** (or 2CaSO₄·H₂O). • It is obtained by **heating gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O)** at about 120°C, which drives off three-quarters of the water: **2CaSO₄·2H₂O → 2CaSO₄·H₂O + 3H₂O**. • POP is used in **orthopaedic casts, sculpture, construction**, and dental impressions because it expands slightly on setting. • 💡 Calcium carbonate is CaCO₃ (chalk/limestone); calcium sulphate dihydrate is gypsum (the starting material for POP); calcium chloride is CaCl₂ — only calcium sulphate hemihydrate is Plaster of Paris.

Correct Answer: D. Tansen

• **Tansen** (Mian Tansen) was one of the **nine gems (Navratna)** of Emperor Akbar's court — the other famous gems included Abul Fazl, Birbal, Raja Todar Mal, Raja Man Singh, Faizi, Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana, Mulla Do Piaza, and Hakim Humam. • **Tansen** was a legendary musician, considered the greatest master of **Hindustani classical music**, credited with creating several ragas like Raga Darbari. • He was also known as **'Sangita Samrat'** (Emperor of Music). • 💡 Kalidasa was a Sanskrit poet in the Gupta period; Tulsidas wrote Ramcharitmanas (not in Akbar's court); Mirabai was a Bhakti saint — Tansen is the correct Navratna member who was a celebrated musician/court figure.

Correct Answer: B. Large-scale volcanic eruptions (flood basalt)

• The **Deccan Traps** are the result of **massive volcanic eruptions (flood basalt) approximately 65–66 million years ago** at the end of the Cretaceous period. • The word 'Traps' comes from the Scandinavian word for **stairs (trappa)**, referring to the step-like landscape formed by successive lava flows. • The eruptions covered a vast area of **western and central India** with basaltic lava and are associated with the **mass extinction event** that also killed the dinosaurs. • 💡 Mountain building happens through tectonic plate collision; earthquake activity is plate boundary stress release; ocean floor spreading is divergent plate movement — the Deccan Traps are specifically from flood basalt volcanic activity.

Correct Answer: D. Both Union List and Concurrent List

• The **Seventh Schedule** of the Indian Constitution contains **three lists**: **Union List** (97 subjects — Parliament has exclusive power), **State List** (66 subjects — State Legislature has power), and **Concurrent List** (47 subjects — both Parliament and State can legislate). • **Parliament** can make laws on both the **Union List AND the Concurrent List**. • In case of conflict on a Concurrent List subject, **Parliament's law prevails** over State law. • 💡 State List is exclusively for state legislatures; Union List and Concurrent List both give Parliament legislative power — Parliament can legislate on subjects from both Union and Concurrent Lists.

Correct Answer: D. Remains undeciphered despite many attempts

• The **Indus Valley script** (also called the **Harappan script**) **remains undeciphered** despite over a century of scholarly attempts by linguists and computer scientists. • The script is written **right to left** (and sometimes in boustrophedon — alternating directions), appears on seals, pottery, and tablets. • There are approximately **400–600 distinct signs**, which suggests it could be a logo-syllabic system. • 💡 The script has NOT been fully deciphered; it is written right to left (not left to right); it was not borrowed from cuneiform (it is a distinct, independent script) — the correct answer is that it remains undeciphered.

Correct Answer: B. An incident during the reign of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula of Bengal

• The **'Black Hole of Calcutta'** refers to the incident in **June 1756** when **Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula** of Bengal captured Fort William (Calcutta) and allegedly confined 146 British prisoners in a small jail cell (18×14 feet), of whom 123 reportedly died of suffocation and heat overnight. • The incident was used as justification for the **Battle of Plassey** (1757) by Robert Clive. • The actual numbers have been disputed by historians, with many questioning the scale of the event. • 💡 Jallianwala Bagh was 1919 Amritsar; the Sepoy Mutiny was 1857; the Partition of Bengal was 1905 — the Black Hole of Calcutta is specifically the 1756 incident during Siraj-ud-Daula's reign.

Correct Answer: D. Scurvy

• **Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)** deficiency causes **Scurvy**, characterised by swollen and bleeding gums, joint pain, skin haemorrhages, and weakness. • Vitamin C is essential for **collagen synthesis**, which is needed for connective tissue, skin, blood vessels, and wound healing. • Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons), guavas, and bell peppers are rich sources of **Vitamin C**. • 💡 Rickets is caused by Vitamin D deficiency; Pellagra is caused by Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency; Beriberi is caused by Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency — only Vitamin C deficiency causes Scurvy.

Correct Answer: B. Salt marsh/seasonal saline wetland

• The **Rann of Kutch** (Rann means 'salt marsh' in Sindhi) is a unique **seasonal saline wetland** in the **Thar Desert region of Gujarat**, bordering Pakistan. • During monsoon, the area is flooded with seawater and freshwater; in dry season, it becomes a vast **salt flat**. • The **Great Rann** and **Little Rann** together form one of the world's largest salt deserts. • 💡 It has no tropical rainforest; it is not at high altitude; it is not a coastal mangrove — the Rann of Kutch is specifically a seasonal salt marsh/saline wetland.

Correct Answer: B. The Parliament

• **Residuary Powers** — the power to make laws on subjects not enumerated in any of the three lists of the Seventh Schedule — are vested with **Parliament** under **Article 248** of the Indian Constitution. • This is unlike the USA, where residuary powers belong to the states. • The **Parliament** has used this power to legislate on subjects like space technology, cyber crimes, and digital data (not listed in any schedule when the Constitution was framed). • 💡 State Legislatures do not have residuary powers; the Supreme Court is a judicial body; powers are not shared equally — only Parliament holds residuary powers in India.

Correct Answer: B. Yamunotri Glacier

• The **Yamuna river** originates from the **Yamunotri Glacier** in the **Mussoorie range of the Lower Himalayas** in Uttarakhand, near the Bandarpunch peak. • It flows through **Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh** before merging with the **Ganga at Prayagraj (Allahabad)** — this confluence is called the **Triveni Sangam**. • Yamuna is the **largest tributary of the Ganga**. • 💡 The Ganga originates from the Gangotri Glacier; Kedarnath and Badrinath are sacred shrines, not glacier sources of the Yamuna — Yamunotri Glacier is specifically the source of the Yamuna.

Correct Answer: B. Total market value of all goods and services produced, minus depreciation, plus net factor income from abroad

• **National Income (NI)** is technically **Net National Product at Factor Cost (NNP_FC)** — it is the total market value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year, **minus depreciation (capital consumption)**, **plus net factor income from abroad**. • It represents the **income earned by all residents of a country** (including from abroad) after accounting for wear and tear of capital. • In India, the **Central Statistics Office (CSO)** calculates and publishes national income data. • 💡 Government revenue is tax revenue/fiscal receipts; total exports is the export figure (not national income); private investment is one component only — national income includes the specific adjustments of depreciation and net foreign income.

Correct Answer: D. Swadeshi Movement

• **'Vande Mataram'** (meaning 'I bow to thee, Mother') became the rallying cry of the **Swadeshi Movement (1905–1907)** that arose in protest against the **Partition of Bengal**. • The song was composed by **Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay** in his novel **Anandamath (1882)**; it was first sung at an INC session in 1896. • The first two stanzas of Vande Mataram are India's **National Song**, adopted on 24 January 1950. • 💡 The Non-Cooperation Movement's slogans included 'Swaraj'; the Civil Disobedience had 'Do or Die' come later; the Quit India Movement used 'Karo ya Maro' — Vande Mataram is specifically associated with the Swadeshi Movement.

Correct Answer: D. Bangladesh

• **Bangladesh** shares the **longest land border with India**, approximately **4,156 km** — the longest among all India's neighbours. • This border is shared with the Indian states of West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. • India's second-longest land border is with **China** (approximately 3,488 km), followed by **Pakistan** (~3,323 km) and **Nepal** (~1,751 km). • 💡 China, Pakistan, and Nepal all share long borders with India, but Bangladesh specifically has the longest land border at ~4,156 km.

Correct Answer: A. India

• The **Indian Ocean** is named after **India** — it is the only ocean named after a specific country. • India occupies a central position in the Indian Ocean and has historically been the hub of **maritime trade** in the region. • The Indian Ocean is the **third largest ocean** in the world, covering about **70.56 million km²**. • 💡 Iran (Persia) lends its name to the Persian Gulf, not the Indian Ocean; Indonesia and Iraq do not have oceans named after them — the Indian Ocean is specifically named after India.

Correct Answer: A. Shivaji Maharaj

• **Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj** (1630–1680) founded the **Maratha Empire** in the Deccan region, establishing a sovereign Hindu state in opposition to the Mughal Empire and Bijapur Sultanate. • He was crowned king at **Raigad Fort** in 1674 and created an efficient **administrative system, powerful navy (the first Indian navy), and guerrilla warfare tactics**. • His empire grew under later Peshwas (especially **Baji Rao I**) into a major pan-Indian power. • 💡 Baji Rao I was the greatest Peshwa who expanded the empire; Balaji Vishwanath was the first Peshwa; Sambhaji was Shivaji's son and successor — Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha Empire.

Correct Answer: A. The Prime Minister of India

• The **National Development Council (NDC)** is chaired by the **Prime Minister of India**. • It was set up in **August 1952** to strengthen and mobilise the effort and resources of the nation for the execution of the **Five Year Plans**. • Its members include the **Prime Minister, all Union Cabinet Ministers, Chief Ministers of all States, and members of NITI Aayog** (formerly Planning Commission). • 💡 The President chairs formal Constitutional bodies; the Finance Minister heads the GST Council; the RBI Governor chairs the Monetary Policy Committee — the NDC is specifically chaired by the Prime Minister.

Correct Answer: A. Transpiration

• **Transpiration** is the process by which plants lose water in the form of **water vapour through the stomata** (tiny pores) in their leaves, as well as through the cuticle and lenticels. • It creates a **transpiration pull** that draws water up from the roots through the xylem — a major driving force for water movement in plants. • Transpiration also helps in **cooling the plant** and in the **absorption of minerals** from the soil. • 💡 Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane; diffusion is the movement of substances from high to low concentration; photosynthesis is food production — only transpiration describes water loss through leaf stomata.

Correct Answer: A. Madras and Bombay Presidencies

• The **Ryotwari Settlement** was introduced primarily in the **Madras and Bombay Presidencies** by **Thomas Munro** (Madras) and **Elphinstone** (Bombay) in the early 19th century. • Under this system, the **ryot (peasant/cultivator)** paid taxes directly to the government without an intermediary zamindar. • Revenue was periodically revised based on soil quality and crop productivity — unlike the fixed Permanent Settlement in Bengal. • 💡 Bengal and Bihar had the Permanent Settlement (zamindari); Punjab and Rajputana had the Mahalwari system — the Ryotwari was specifically in Madras and Bombay Presidencies.

Correct Answer: A. Bengaluru

• **ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)** is headquartered in **Bengaluru (Bangalore)**, Karnataka. • It was established on **15 August 1969** and is India's primary space agency. • ISRO's major achievements include the **Chandrayaan (Moon mission), Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission)**, and the launch of **Chandrayaan-3 in 2023** which made India the first country to land near the Moon's south pole. • 💡 Mumbai houses the BARC (nuclear research); Delhi is home to various government ministries; Chennai is where Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre's earlier sites were — ISRO's headquarters and main campuses are in Bengaluru.

Correct Answer: A. Producing bile for fat digestion

• The **liver's primary role in digestion** is to produce **bile** — a yellowish-green fluid stored in the **gallbladder** and released into the **small intestine** to help **emulsify (break down) dietary fats**. • The liver also performs **detoxification, glycogen storage, protein synthesis (albumin, clotting factors)**, and processing of absorbed nutrients. • It is the **largest internal organ** of the human body. • 💡 Nutrient absorption happens in the small intestine (villi); insulin is produced by the pancreas; kidneys (not the liver) filter blood for waste removal — producing bile for fat digestion is the liver's specific digestive role.

Correct Answer: A. United States of America

• The **Ghadar Party** (Hindustani Association of the Pacific Coast) was founded in **1913 in San Francisco, California, USA** by **Har Dayal**, Sohan Singh Bhakna, and others. • It was mainly composed of **Indian immigrants (especially Punjabis)** in North America and aimed to overthrow British rule through armed revolution. • The party published the newspaper **'Ghadar'** (meaning 'revolt') and tried to incite a rebellion in India during World War I (the **Ghadar Mutiny attempt of 1915**). • 💡 The Indian Home Rule Society was in London; the Ghadar Party was not founded in Canada or Germany — it was specifically founded in San Francisco, USA in 1913.

Correct Answer: A. Kuchipudi

• **Kuchipudi** is a classical Indian dance form that originated in the **Kuchipudi village of Andhra Pradesh**. • It was traditionally performed by male brahmin community members (Bhagavatulus) as a dance-drama based on mythological stories. • **Lakshminarayana Shastri** is considered the father of modern Kuchipudi; it was given the status of a classical dance form in the 20th century. • 💡 Bharatanatyam originated in Tamil Nadu; Kathak is from North India (Rajasthan/UP/Lucknow); Odissi is from Odisha — Kuchipudi is specifically from Andhra Pradesh.

Correct Answer: A. Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA)

• **FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999)** replaced the **FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973)**, which came into force from **1 June 2000**. • FEMA is a **civil law** (FERA was a criminal law with more stringent penalties) and focuses on **facilitating external trade and payments** and orderly development of the foreign exchange market. • FEMA is administered by the **Reserve Bank of India (RBI)** and the **Directorate of Enforcement (ED)**. • 💡 PMLA deals with money laundering; SCRA regulates securities markets; the Customs Act governs import/export duties — FEMA specifically replaced FERA in regulating foreign exchange.