Soil Science

FYM stands for Farmland Manure and is an important organic resource for agricultural production in livestock-based farming systems in the semi-arid tropics of India.
It contains well-decomposed farmyard manure with 0.5% nitrogen, 0.2% P₂O₅ and 0.5% K₂O.

Munsell colour chart is a colour space that specifies colour based on three properties of colour that is hue, Chroma (colour intensity) and Value(lightness). Hue stands for basic colour.
It was created by Professor Albert H. Munsell in the first decade of the 20^th century.
Each horizontal circle Munsell divided into five principal hues i.e. Red, Yellow, Green, Blue and Purple. The range of hues in the Munsell colour chart is 0 – 10.

Dry Ashing is a technique for analyzing plants and it is performed by placing a sample in an open inert vessel destroying the combustible portion of the sample by thermal decomposition using a muffle furnace.
Dry ashing methods are used for the mineralization of organic materials, biological tissues, liquids, plant and foodstuff and sludge. It is suitable for the analysis of element Boron in plants.

Jute bags are first of all eco-friendly, biodegradable, and made up of plant products so they will be less harmful to food grains also it is made up of strong natural fibre.
And for stacking purposes in the storage godowns, jute bags can be stacked higher than HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) bags as jute bags are less slippery than plastic bags.

C : N ratio is a ratio of the mass of carbon to the mass of nitrogen in a substance. The C : N ratio is observed to be higher in Edible oil cakes like Soybean Cake, Rapeseed cake, Cottonseed cake, groundnut cake, sunflower cake, copra cake and linseed cake, etc.

A Hartig net is a complex of fungal hyphae found in the intercellular spaces between the cortical cells of a root. It may cover the plant cell to the extent that the cell has no contact with other root cells.
Hartig net in the soil is produced by ectomycorrhiza. Ectomycorrihizas is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont and the roots of various species. The hyphae in the Hartig net penetrate and grow in a transverse direction to the axis of the root, and form a network between the outer cells of the root axis.

Resistance to pests and diseases is often provided by Potassium. Potassium is associated with the movement of water, nutrients and carbohydrates in plant tissues. It involves enzyme activation within the plant, which affects protein, starch, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens by pre-formed structures and chemicals and by infection – induced responses of the immune system.

Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia (NH⁺₄) to nitrite (NO^–₃) followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. Both the processes occur in the presence of different microorganisms. It is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in the soil. It is an aerobic process performed by small groups of autotrophic bacteria.

Journal “Plant and Soil” is published by the Royal Netherlands Society of Agricultural Science (Netherlands). It is edited by Hans Lambers. It is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the relationships between Plant and soil, such as relationships and interactions of plants with minerals, water and microbes, the anatomy and morphology of roots, soil biology and ecology.

Use of hooks to pick and drop the sacks of fertilizer cause the greatest damage to it.
As hooks are the sharp objects which make holes in the bags which may allow air and water to react with the chemicals in the fertilizer.