Genetics
Biology · आनुवंशिकी · 16 facts
Genetics: study of heredity; Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics(pea plant)
Gene: unit of heredity; segment of DNA on chromosome
Chromosome: thread-like DNA structure; humans have 46(23 pairs)
DNA: double helix; bases A-T, G-C; carries genetic information
Sex determination: XX=female, XY=male; father determines child sex
Dominant trait: expressed even with one copy(Tt); Recessive: needs two(tt)
Mendel Law of Segregation: two alleles separate during gamete formation
Mendel Law of Independent Assortment: genes on different chromosomes separate independently
Mutation: sudden change in DNA; can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral
Evolution: Charles Darwin; natural selection; survival of fittest
Human Genome Project: mapped all human genes; completed 2003
Genotype: genetic makeup(Tt); Phenotype: visible trait(tall)
Colour blindness and haemophilia are sex-linked recessive(X-linked)
Monohybrid cross ratio: 3:1 (Tt x Tt = TT:Tt:Tt:tt)
Dihybrid cross ratio: 9:3:3:1
GMO: Genetically Modified Organism; Bt cotton in India