Wars: 1947, 1962, 1965
Defence GK · युद्ध: 1947, 1962, 1965 · 18 facts
1947 Indo-Pak War: India's first war after independence triggered by Pakistan's tribal militia invasion of Kashmir in October 1947
Accession of Kashmir: Maharaja Hari Singh signed Instrument of Accession on Oct 26 1947, joining India after Pakistan-backed invasion
UN Ceasefire 1948: India took Kashmir issue to UN Security Council; ceasefire declared on January 1, 1949, LoC established
PoK (Pakistan Occupied Kashmir): Pakistan retained approximately one-third of Kashmir territory after 1947 ceasefire
1962 Sino-Indian War: China launched surprise attack on October 20, 1962; India suffered major military defeat in 32 days
McMahon Line: Disputed border drawn in 1914 Simla Convention; China rejects it and claims Arunachal Pradesh as 'South Tibet'
NEFA (North East Frontier Agency): Present-day Arunachal Pradesh; China occupied parts during 1962 war but later withdrew
Operation Vijay (1961): Not the 1962 war — India's successful liberation of Goa from Portuguese on December 19, 1961
1962 War outcome: India lost Aksai Chin to China; Jawaharlal Nehru's 'Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai' policy failed
1965 Indo-Pak War: Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar in August 1965, sending infiltrators into Kashmir to trigger uprising
Battle of Asal Uttar (1965): India destroyed 97 Pakistani Patton tanks; called 'Patton Graveyard', fought near Khemkaran
Tashkent Agreement: Peace treaty signed January 10, 1966 between PM Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan's Ayub Khan
PM Shastri's death at Tashkent: Lal Bahadur Shastri died on January 11, 1966 (day after Tashkent Agreement), mysterious circumstances
Abdul Hamid PVC (1965): Havildar Abdul Hamid destroyed several Patton tanks with jeep-mounted RCL gun at Battle of Asal Uttar
1965 War ceasefire: UN-mediated ceasefire on September 23, 1965; both sides returned to pre-war positions
India's 1965 advances: Indian Army crossed international border, reached outskirts of Lahore, captured Haji Pir Pass in Kashmir
Operation Grand Slam (1965): Pakistan's offensive to cut off Akhnur and sever Indian link to Kashmir; halted by Indian counter-attacks
Defence outcomes: 1947 war created LoC; 1962 war led to creation of RAW (1968) and ITBP; 1965 war ended in stalemate