IUCN Categories & Biodiversity — Set 4
Forest & Wildlife · IUCN श्रेणियां और जैव विविधता · Questions 31–40 of 121
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) was adopted in which year?
Correct Answer: D. 2022
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework was adopted at COP15 of the CBD in Montreal, Canada, in December 2022. It sets ambitious targets for halting biodiversity loss by 2030, including the landmark '30x30' target. The GBF replaced the Aichi Biodiversity Targets (2010-2020) as the global framework for biodiversity conservation.
What is the '30x30' target mentioned in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework?
Correct Answer: B. Protect 30% of land and ocean areas by 2030
The '30x30' target in the Kunming-Montreal GBF commits countries to effectively conserve and manage at least 30% of the world's land, inland waters, coastal areas, and oceans by 2030. This is a key target (Target 3) within the framework, often called the most ambitious nature protection goal ever set. India has committed to this target and is expanding its protected area network.
How many biodiversity hotspots does India have?
Correct Answer: C. 4
India has 4 biodiversity hotspots out of the 36 globally recognized ones: (1) Eastern Himalayas, (2) Western Ghats, (3) Indo-Burma, and (4) Sundaland (which includes the Nicobar Islands). Biodiversity hotspots are regions with exceptional concentrations of endemic species that have lost at least 70% of their original habitat. These hotspots cover only 2.4% of Earth's surface but support more than 50% of the world's plant species as endemics.
Which of India's biodiversity hotspots has the highest level of plant endemism?
Correct Answer: D. Western Ghats
The Western Ghats has the highest level of endemism among India's four biodiversity hotspots, with over 5,000 species of flowering plants of which 1,800 are endemic. It is also home to numerous endemic amphibians, reptiles, and freshwater fish. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012, it spans six states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
The Eastern Himalayas biodiversity hotspot is shared between India and which other countries?
Correct Answer: B. Nepal, Bhutan and China
The Eastern Himalayas biodiversity hotspot spans parts of India (Northeast India, Sikkim, northern West Bengal), Nepal, Bhutan, and southern China. It is characterized by extraordinary diversity of flora, including rhododendrons, orchids, and ferns. It is also a global center of diversity for wild relatives of crops like banana, sugarcane, and ginger.
Which of India's biodiversity hotspots includes the Nicobar Islands?
Correct Answer: D. Sundaland
The Sundaland biodiversity hotspot includes the Nicobar Islands of India, along with the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. This hotspot is among the most species-rich in the world. The Nicobar Islands component contains unique assemblages of flora and fauna with high endemism, particularly among birds, reptiles, and invertebrates.
The Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot in India primarily covers which region?
Correct Answer: C. Northeast India and Eastern Himalayas
The Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot covers Northeast India (mainly the states of Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and southern China. It is one of the most threatened hotspots in the world, with a high concentration of endemic freshwater turtles, birds, and mammals. India's Northeast is sometimes called India's 'Biological Treasure House.'
The Biological Diversity Act of India was enacted in which year?
Correct Answer: C. 2002
The Biological Diversity Act was enacted in India in 2002 to give effect to the provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It regulates access to biological resources and associated knowledge, ensuring equitable sharing of benefits. The Act established the National Biodiversity Authority, State Biodiversity Boards, and Biodiversity Management Committees at local levels.
The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) established under the Biological Diversity Act 2002 is headquartered in:
Correct Answer: D. Chennai
The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) is headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It was established in 2003 under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. NBA is a statutory body that advises the central government on biodiversity conservation and regulates access to biological resources for research, commercial utilization, and bio-survey activities by foreign entities.
Under India's Biological Diversity Act 2002, who is responsible for preparing Biodiversity Management Plans at the local level?
Correct Answer: C. Biodiversity Management Committees
Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) are constituted at the local body level (gram panchayats, municipalities) under the Biological Diversity Act 2002. They are responsible for preparing People's Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) that document local biodiversity and associated traditional knowledge. BMCs also regulate access to biological resources within their jurisdiction.