India-Pakistan Relations
International Relations · भारत-पाकिस्तान संबंध · 18 facts
India-Pakistan Partition: August 14-15, 1947; Radcliffe Line divided British India into India and Pakistan.
First Kashmir War 1947: Pakistan-backed tribal militias invaded Kashmir; Maharaja Hari Singh signed Instrument of Accession with India.
Indo-Pakistani War 1965: Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar in Kashmir; ended with Tashkent Declaration (January 1966).
1971 War: India helped Bangladesh gain independence from Pakistan; largest military surrender since World War II — 93,000 Pakistani soldiers surrendered.
Kargil War 1999: Pakistan backed infiltrators occupied Kargil heights; India recaptured under Operation Vijay; ended July 1999.
Line of Control (LoC): The de facto border in Jammu & Kashmir, established after the Simla Agreement of 1972.
PoK (Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir): India claims the entire J&K including Gilgit-Baltistan; Pakistan calls it Azad Kashmir.
Article 370 abrogation: August 5, 2019 — J&K's special status removed; state bifurcated into two Union Territories: J&K and Ladakh.
Lahore Declaration 1999: PM Vajpayee and PM Nawaz Sharif signed; aimed at normalizing relations; Kargil War followed.
Agra Summit 2001: PM Vajpayee and President Pervez Musharraf met; talks failed due to disagreement over Kashmir.
Uri Attack 2016: 19 Indian soldiers killed; India conducted Surgical Strikes across LoC targeting militant launch pads.
Pulwama Attack: February 14, 2019 — 40 CRPF jawans killed; India conducted Balakot Air Strike (February 26, 2019) inside Pakistan.
Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status: India gave MFN to Pakistan in 1996 under WTO rules; Pakistan suspended it after Pulwama attack.
SAARC is effectively blocked due to India-Pakistan tensions; last summit was 2014 in Kathmandu.
Indus Waters Treaty 1960: World Bank brokered; India gets Ravi, Beas, Sutlej; Pakistan gets Indus, Jhelum, Chenab.
Simla Agreement 1972: PM Indira Gandhi and PM Zulfikar Ali Bhutto signed; established LoC; agreed to resolve disputes bilaterally.
Composite Dialogue Process: Started 2004 under Vajpayee; covered 8 issues including terrorism, Kashmir, Siachen, Sir Creek, Wullar Barrage.
India and Pakistan both conducted nuclear tests in May 1998 (India: Pokhran II on May 11-13; Pakistan: Chagai tests on May 28-30).