Thermodynamics
Physics · ऊष्मागतिकी · 15 facts
Thermodynamics: study of heat, work, energy transformation
0th Law: A in equilibrium with B and C means B and C in equilibrium
1st Law: energy not created/destroyed; Q = U + W
2nd Law (Clausius): heat cannot spontaneously flow cold to hot
2nd Law (Kelvin): no engine converts 100% heat to work
3rd Law: at 0K, entropy of perfect crystal is zero
Entropy: disorder measure; always increases in natural processes
Specific heat: water highest (4186 J/kgC); moderates climate
Latent heat: fusion 334 kJ/kg; vaporization 2260 kJ/kg
Refrigerator: external work moves heat cold to hot
Carnot engine: ideal max efficiency; n = 1 - T2/T1
Water high specific heat: coastal areas have mild climate
Isothermal process: constant temperature; Adiabatic: no heat exchange
Isobaric: constant pressure; Isochoric: constant volume process
Heat pump works on reverse of refrigerator; efficiency > 100% (COP > 1)