Amendments
Indian Polity · संशोधन · 22 facts
Amendment procedure under Article 368, borrowed from South Africa
1st Amendment (1951) = 9th Schedule added for land reforms
7th Amendment (1956) = States reorganization
42nd Amendment (1976) = Mini Constitution, biggest changes
42nd added: Socialist, Secular, Integrity to Preamble + Fundamental Duties
44th Amendment (1978) = Removed Right to Property from FRs
52nd Amendment (1985) = Anti-defection (10th Schedule)
61st Amendment (1989) = Voting age 21→18
73rd (Panchayat) and 74th (Municipality) both in 1992
86th Amendment (2002) = Right to Education (Art 21A) + 11th Duty
91st Amendment (2003) = Council of Ministers limited to 15%
101st Amendment (2016) = GST introduced
103rd Amendment (2019) = 10% EWS reservation
104th Amendment (2020) = SC/ST reservation extended, Anglo-Indian nomination removed
Three types of majority: Simple, Special, Special + State ratification
7th — 1956 — Reorganization of States — abolished Part A/B/C/D states, created 14 states + 6 UTs
21st — 1967 — Added Sindhi as 15th language in 8th Schedule
24th — 1971 — Parliament can amend any part of Constitution including FRs
25th — 1971 — Right to Property curtailed, DPSP given primacy over some FRs
52nd — 1985 — Anti-Defection Law — added 10th Schedule
61st — 1989 — Voting age reduced from 21 to 18 years
73rd — 1992 — Panchayati Raj (Part IX) — 3-tier system, added 11th Schedule (29 subjects)