Municipalities & 74th Amendment
Revenue & Panchayati Raj · नगरपालिका और 74वां संशोधन
📋Quick Overview
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 gave constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and came into effect on June 1, 1993. It added Part IX-A (Articles 243P to 243ZG) and the 12th Schedule (18 subjects) to the Constitution. The 74th Amendment corresponds to the 73rd Amendment for rural areas — it deals with urban self-governance. Three types of municipalities are defined: Nagar Panchayat (for transitional areas), Municipal Council/Municipality (smaller urban areas), and Municipal Corporation/Nagar Nigam (larger urban areas). Unlike the 73rd Amendment, the 74th does NOT mandate a specific tier structure.
74th Amendment came into effect June 1, 1993 (vs 73rd Amendment on April 24, 1993). The 74th Amendment covers urban bodies; 73rd covers rural Panchayats. Both added to Constitution by the same act passed in 1992.
📖Three Types of Municipalities
| Type | Area Served | Population | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nagar Panchayat | Transitional area (rural transitioning to urban) | Smaller, rural-to-urban transition | Newly urbanising areas; small towns |
| Municipal Council / Municipality / Nagar Palika Parishad | Smaller urban area | Medium-sized towns | District headquarters towns |
| Municipal Corporation / Nagar Nigam / Mahanagar Palika | Larger urban area | Large cities (usually 1 lakh+) | Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Lucknow |
| Feature | 73rd Amendment (Rural/PRIs) | 74th Amendment (Urban/ULBs) |
|---|---|---|
| Effective date | April 24, 1993 | June 1, 1993 |
| Part added | Part IX (Art 243–243O) | Part IX-A (Art 243P–243ZG) |
| Schedule added | 11th Schedule (29 subjects) | 12th Schedule (18 subjects) |
| Tier structure | Three-tier mandatory (states 20 lakh+) | No mandatory tier; flexible |
📝12th Schedule Subjects & Key Provisions
- •12th Schedule 18 subjects include: Urban planning, land use regulation, roads/bridges, housing, water supply, public health/sanitation, fire services, urban forestry, slums, public amenities, burial grounds, regulation of slaughterhouses
- •Ward Committee: Mandatory for municipalities with 3 lakh or more population (Article 243S)
- •State Election Commission (Art 243K): Also applies to municipalities — same SEC for both PRIs and ULBs in a state
- •Metropolitan Planning Committee: For metro cities (population 10 lakh+) — Art 243ZE; drafts development plans
- •District Planning Committee: For district-level planning integrating both rural (PR) and urban (municipal) plans — Art 243ZD
- •State Finance Commission: Same SFC constituted under 73rd Amendment also recommends distribution of resources to ULBs (74th Amendment)