Livelihood & Employment
Government Schemes · आजीविका और रोजगार
📋Quick Overview
India's employment and livelihood schemes range from guaranteed rural employment (MGNREGS — 100 days/year) to urban livelihood support (NULM), skill development (Skill India/PMKVY), and self-employment promotion (Startup India). MGNREGS, enacted by Parliament in 2005, is the world's largest public employment programme covering 14 crore+ households annually.
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MGNREGS: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. NREGA Act passed by Parliament on August 25, 2005. Launched February 2, 2006 at Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. 100 days guaranteed wage employment per rural household per year.
📖MGNREGS — Complete Details
| Feature | Detail |
|---|---|
| Act passed | August 25, 2005 — as NREGA (later renamed MGNREGS in 2009 by adding Mahatma Gandhi) |
| Launch | February 2, 2006; Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh |
| Guarantee | 100 days of wage employment per household per year; 50 days extra in drought/calamity |
| Nature | Demand-driven — legal right to work; if not provided within 15 days, unemployment allowance paid |
| Wage | ₹267 average/day (2024); varies by state; at least equal to agricultural minimum wage |
| Works covered | Water conservation, drought-proofing, rural roads, land development, flood control |
| Ministry | Ministry of Rural Development; implemented through Gram Panchayats |
📖Other Employment & Skill Schemes
| Scheme | Launch | Ministry | Key Feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| NRLM (Aajeevika) | Jun 2011 | Rural Dev. | National Rural Livelihoods Mission; 9 crore+ women in SHGs; credit linkage; target 2 crore SHGs |
| NULM (National Urban Livelihoods Mission) | Sep 2013 | Housing/Urban | Urban poor employment; Self Help Groups; shelter for homeless; street vendors |
| Skill India / PMKVY | Jul 15, 2015 | Skill Dev. & Entrepreneurship | PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana; NSDC; short-term training; 1 crore+ trained per year; PMKVY 4.0 launched 2023 |
| Startup India | Jan 16, 2016 | DPIIT | Tax holiday, fast-track IP filing, fund-of-funds; 1 lakh+ startups recognised; 100+ unicorns |
| PM Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan | Jun 2020 | Rural Dev. | Employment to 25 lakh migrant workers returning post-COVID in 116 distressed districts |
| PMEGP (PM Employment Generation Programme) | 2008 | MSME | Self-employment via micro-enterprises; ₹10-25 lakh for mfg, ₹10-10 lakh for service; 25-35% subsidy |