Amendments — Set 2

Correct Answer: D. Fundamental Rights

• **24th Amendment (1971)** = overruled the Golaknath case (1967) by affirming that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution including Fundamental Rights. • **Mandatory Presidential assent** — it added a proviso to Article 368 making it obligatory for the President to give assent to a Constitutional Amendment Bill without any veto. • 💡 Option A (Preamble) has been amended only once — by the 42nd Amendment, not the 24th. Option B (Directive Principles) — the 24th did not specifically deal with DPSPs. Option C (Fundamental Duties) were added by the 42nd Amendment — the 24th Amendment's focus was Fundamental Rights.

Correct Answer: D. 36th Amendment

• **36th Amendment (1975)** = made Sikkim the 22nd state of India by including it as a full state of the Indian Union. • **Prior status** — the 35th Amendment (1974) had first given Sikkim the status of an 'Associate State'; the 36th Amendment upgraded it to a full state and abolished the institution of Chogyal. • 💡 Option A (34th Amendment) related to land reform laws and the Ninth Schedule — not Sikkim. Option B (35th Amendment) gave Sikkim only 'Associate State' status, not full statehood. Option C (38th Amendment) made Emergency proclamations non-justiciable — none of these made Sikkim a full state.

Correct Answer: C. 91st Amendment

• **91st Amendment (2003)** = capped the Council of Ministers (including PM) at 15% of the total Lok Sabha strength, and applied the same cap to State Assemblies. • **Minimum floor** — the amendment also prescribes a minimum of 12 ministers even if 15% works out to fewer, applicable to smaller states. • 💡 Option A (100th Amendment) relates to the India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement — not cabinet size. Option B (86th Amendment) deals with Right to Education. Option D (97th Amendment) gave constitutional status to Co-operative Societies — none of these capped the Council of Ministers.

Correct Answer: D. 10%

• **103rd Amendment (2019)** = provides 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among the general category in education and public employment. • **Articles 15 & 16** — new clauses (6) added to both articles; EWS reservation is over and above the existing 50% cap on reservations for SC/ST/OBC. • 💡 Option A (27%) is the OBC reservation ceiling fixed by the Mandal Commission judgment — not EWS. Option B (7.5%) is the reservation for Scheduled Tribes — unrelated. Option C (15%) is the reservation for Scheduled Castes — none of these match the 10% EWS figure.

Correct Answer: B. National Capital Territory of Delhi

• **69th Amendment (1991)** = designated Delhi as the 'National Capital Territory of Delhi' and provided for a 70-member Legislative Assembly with limited legislative powers. • **Special status** — Delhi's legislature cannot make laws on public order, police, and land (these remain with the Centre), distinguishing it from a full state. • 💡 Option A (State of Delhi) is wrong because Delhi was designated an NCT, not a state — it remains a Union Territory. Option C (Capital City of Delhi) is not a constitutional category. Option D (Metropolitan Region of Delhi) has no constitutional basis — none of these match the correct designation 'NCT'.

Correct Answer: D. 10th Amendment

• **10th Amendment (1961)** = incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a Union Territory of India after it was liberated from Portuguese rule in 1954. • **Liberation background** — local activists freed the territory in 1954; it was administered by the Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli administration until the 10th Amendment formalised its merger. • 💡 Option A (15th Amendment) increased the retirement age of HC judges to 62 — unrelated to Dadra. Option B (12th Amendment) incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu. Option C (14th Amendment) incorporated Puducherry — none of these brought Dadra and Nagar Haveli into the Indian Union.

Correct Answer: D. Co-operative Societies

• **97th Amendment (2011)** = gave constitutional status to Co-operative Societies by adding Part IX-B (Articles 243ZH to 243ZT) to the Constitution. • **Three-pronged insertion** — Article 19(1)(c) expanded to include right to form co-operatives; Article 43B added as a DPSP for promotion of co-operatives; Part IX-B added for their regulation. • 💡 Option A (NGOs) have no specific constitutional status granted by any amendment. Option B (Trade Unions) already had protection under Article 19(1)(c) even before the 97th Amendment. Option C (Self Help Groups) have not been given constitutional status by any amendment — only Co-operative Societies were addressed by the 97th Amendment.

Correct Answer: D. 71st Amendment

• **71st Amendment (1992)** = added Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali to the Eighth Schedule, raising the total scheduled languages to 18 at that time. • **Language count timeline** — original 14 languages; 21st Amendment added Sindhi (15th); 71st Amendment added 3 more (16th–18th); 92nd Amendment added 4 more (22 total today). • 💡 Option A (21st Amendment) added only Sindhi in 1967 — not Konkani, Manipuri, or Nepali. Option B (92nd Amendment) added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali — a different set. Option C (96th Amendment) renamed Oriya to Odia — it did not add any new languages to the Eighth Schedule.

Correct Answer: C. Anglo-Indians

• **104th Amendment (2020)** = ceased the reservation of nominated seats for Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, while extending SC/ST seat reservation for another 10 years (till 2030). • **Anglo-Indian provision** — under original Articles 331 and 333, up to 2 Anglo-Indians could be nominated to Lok Sabha and 1 to each State Assembly; this provision lapsed in January 2020. • 💡 Option A (Scheduled Tribes) — their seat reservation was actually extended by this amendment, not ceased. Option B (Scheduled Castes) — same as STs, their reservation was extended. Option D (OBCs) have never had reserved seats in Parliament under any amendment — only Anglo-Indians had nominated seats.

Correct Answer: D. 100th Amendment

• **100th Amendment (2015)** = operationalised the India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) by modifying the First Schedule to reflect territory exchanged between the two nations. • **Enclave exchange** — 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh and 51 Bangladeshi enclaves in India were exchanged, resolving the Cooch Behar enclave issue that had existed since 1947. • 💡 Option A (98th Amendment) inserted Article 371-J for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region — unrelated to Bangladesh. Option B (101st Amendment) introduced GST. Option C (99th Amendment) established the NJAC for judicial appointments — none of these concern the India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement.