Amendments — Set 3

Correct Answer: C. Part IX-A

• **74th Amendment (1992)** = gave constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (Municipalities) by adding Part IX-A (Articles 243P–243ZG) to the Constitution. • **Twelfth Schedule** — added with 18 functional items including urban planning, regulation of land use, public health, and slum improvement to be handled by municipalities. • 💡 Option A (Part IX-B) was added by the 97th Amendment for Co-operative Societies — not municipalities. Option B (Part X) of the Constitution deals with Scheduled and Tribal Areas — not urban local bodies. Option D (Part XI) deals with Centre-State relations — none of these were added by the 74th Amendment.

Correct Answer: C. 42nd Amendment

• **42nd Amendment (1976)** = amended Article 74(1) to make it mandatory for the President to act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers. • **44th Amendment refinement** — the 44th Amendment (1978) added that the President may return the advice once for reconsideration, but the reconsidered advice is absolutely binding. • 💡 Option A (24th Amendment) made Presidential assent to Constitutional Amendment Bills obligatory — a different provision. Option B (44th Amendment) only refined the 42nd Amendment's provision by allowing one-time reconsideration. Option D (25th Amendment) curtailed the Right to Property — none of these originally mandated the President to follow Cabinet advice.

Correct Answer: D. Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali

• **92nd Amendment (2003)** = added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali to the Eighth Schedule, raising the total number of scheduled languages from 18 to 22. • **Current 22 languages** — the Eighth Schedule now lists 22 languages including Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, and others; Sindhi was added by the 21st Amendment, Konkani/Manipuri/Nepali by the 71st. • 💡 Option A (Bodo, Dogri, Santhali, Sindhi) is wrong because Sindhi was already in the Eighth Schedule since the 21st Amendment (1967) — not added by the 92nd. Option B (Bodo, Konkani, Maithili, Santhali) is wrong because Konkani was added earlier by the 71st Amendment. Option C (Dogri, Maithili, Nepali, Santhali) is wrong because Nepali was also added by the 71st Amendment — not the 92nd.

Correct Answer: B. 65th Amendment

• **65th Amendment (1990)** = replaced the single Special Officer for SCs and STs under Article 338 with a multi-member National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. • **Later bifurcation** — the 89th Amendment (2003) split this combined commission into two separate bodies: NCSC (Article 338) and NCST (Article 338A), for focused attention on each group. • 💡 Option A (62nd Amendment) extended the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in Parliament — unrelated to creating a commission. Option C (61st Amendment) reduced the voting age to 18. Option D (69th Amendment) designated Delhi as NCT — none of these created the multi-member commission for SCs and STs.

Correct Answer: A. Women's Reservation in Legislature

• **106th Amendment (2023)** = known as the 'Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam', it reserves one-third of seats for women in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. • **Implementation condition** — the reservation will take effect only after the next delimitation exercise following the first census after the amendment's commencement, meaning not before 2029. • 💡 Option B (OBC Sub-categorization) is a different policy issue addressed separately by the Supreme Court — not by the 106th Amendment. Option C (GST Tribunal) is a tax administration matter. Option D (Uniform Civil Code) is a legislative proposal not yet enacted by any Constitutional Amendment — only Women's Reservation is addressed by the 106th Amendment.

Correct Answer: B. Sindhi

• **21st Amendment (1967)** = added Sindhi as the 15th scheduled language in the Eighth Schedule, recognising Sindhi-speaking communities mainly in Rajasthan and Gujarat. • **Language history** — the original Constitution had 14 languages in the Eighth Schedule; the 21st Amendment was the first to expand this list. • 💡 Option A (Santhali) was added by the 92nd Amendment in 2003 — not by the 21st Amendment. Option C (Konkani) was added by the 71st Amendment in 1992. Option D (Manipuri) was also added by the 71st Amendment in 1992 — Sindhi alone was the addition by the 21st Amendment.

Correct Answer: A. 44th Amendment

• **44th Amendment (1978)** = substituted 'armed rebellion' for 'internal disturbance' in Article 352 as a ground for proclaiming National Emergency, to prevent misuse on vague grounds. • **Stricter condition** — 'armed rebellion' requires an actual organized uprising with weapons, whereas 'internal disturbance' was vague enough to include political agitation (as misused in 1975). • 💡 Option B (46th Amendment) related to tax on textiles — not emergency provisions. Option C (52nd Amendment) added the Anti-Defection Law (Tenth Schedule). Option D (42nd Amendment) of 1976 actually made Emergency declarations non-justiciable — the opposite of what the 44th Amendment aimed to correct.

Correct Answer: B. Two

• **89th Amendment (2003)** = bifurcated the National Commission for SCs and STs (created by the 65th Amendment) into two separate bodies for greater focused attention. • **Two separate commissions** — National Commission for Scheduled Castes (Article 338) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (Article 338A), each with dedicated constitutional mandate. • 💡 Option A (Three) is wrong — exactly two commissions were created, one for SCs and one for STs. Option C (Four) is wrong — no four bodies were created from this bifurcation. Option D (Five) is wrong — no five bodies were formed; the answer is precisely two separate national commissions.

Correct Answer: C. 12th Amendment

• **12th Amendment (1962)** = incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu into the Indian Union as Union Territories after their liberation from Portuguese rule in December 1961. • **Goa's statehood** — Goa remained a UT until the 56th Amendment (1987) elevated it to a full state; Daman and Diu continued as a UT and later merged with Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 2020. • 💡 Option A (13th Amendment) conferred statehood on Nagaland in 1962 — not Goa. Option B (11th Amendment) changed the procedure for election of the Vice-President. Option D (10th Amendment) incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli — none of these brought Goa, Daman and Diu into the Indian Union.

Correct Answer: B. Either House of Parliament

• **Either House** = a Constitutional Amendment Bill under Article 368 can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha — no restriction on where it originates. • **No joint sitting** — unlike ordinary bills, a Constitutional Amendment Bill cannot be passed at a joint sitting of both Houses if one House rejects it; both must pass it separately by special majority. • 💡 Option A (Rajya Sabha only) is wrong — there is no such restriction; both Houses have equal power to initiate amendments. Option C (State Legislature only) is wrong — states cannot initiate constitutional amendments, though some need state ratification after Parliament passes them. Option D (Lok Sabha only) is wrong — the Rajya Sabha has equal power here, unlike ordinary money bills.