Religions & Philosophy — Set 2
Arts & Culture · धर्म और दर्शन · Questions 11–20 of 60
Which school of philosophy emphasizes the performance of Vedic rituals and the study of the Samhita and Brahmana portions?
Correct Answer: D. Purva Mimamsa
• **Purva Mimamsa** = This school of philosophy emphasizes the performance of Vedic rituals and the study of the Samhita and Brahmana portions. • **Sage Jaimini** — Founded by Sage Jaimini, this school focuses on interpreting the Vedas to establish the nature of Dharma through rituals. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Uttara Mimamsa]: Refers to Vedanta, which focuses on the philosophical sections of the Vedas (Upanishads); [Samkhya]: A dualistic school focusing on consciousness and matter; [Nyaya]: Concentrates on logic and epistemology.
The 'Agamas' are the primary sacred scriptures for the followers of which religion?
Correct Answer: D. Jainism
• **Jainism** = The 'Agamas' are the primary sacred scriptures for the followers of this religion. • **Ardhamagadhi Prakrit** — The language of these early scriptures, which contain the teachings of the Tirthankaras, is predominantly Ardhamagadhi Prakrit. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Judaism]: Its primary sacred texts include the Torah and Talmud; [Sikhism]: Its central holy scripture is the Guru Granth Sahib; [Buddhism]: Its canonical literature includes the Tripitaka.
Which ancient philosopher is associated with the 'Yoga Sutras', the foundational text of Yoga philosophy?
Correct Answer: D. Patanjali
• **Patanjali** = This ancient philosopher is associated with the 'Yoga Sutras', the foundational text of Yoga philosophy. • **2nd century BCE** — Patanjali compiled the Yoga Sutras around the 2nd century BCE to systematize the practice of Yoga, outlining the 'Eight Limbs of Yoga'. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Gautama]: Founder of the Nyaya school of logic; [Kanada]: Founder of the Vaisheshika school of atomism; [Kapila]: Founder of the Samkhya school of philosophy.
The concept of 'Syadvada' or the 'theory of conditioned predication' is a unique contribution of?
Correct Answer: A. Jainism
• **Jainism** = The concept of 'Syadvada' or the 'theory of conditioned predication' is a unique contribution of this religion. • **Anekantavada** — Syadvada is a Jain doctrine closely related to Anekantavada, the principle of non-absolutism, encouraging a multi-faceted view of reality. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Buddhism]: Emphasizes the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path; [Samkhya]: A dualistic philosophy that divides reality into Purusha and Prakriti; [Mimamsa]: Focuses on Vedic rituals and their interpretation.
Which religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev in the 15th century in the Punjab region?
Correct Answer: D. Sikhism
• **Sikhism** = This religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev in the **15th century** in the Punjab region. • **15th century** — Guru Nanak Dev founded Sikhism in the 15th century, emphasizing the oneness of God and the equality of all human beings. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Baháʼí Faith]: Founded in the 19th century by Baháʼu'lláh; [Buddhism]: Founded by Gautama Buddha in ancient India, much earlier than the 15th century; [Islam]: Founded by Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century.
The 'Sunyavada' or the 'Doctrine of the Void' was articulated by which famous Buddhist philosopher?
Correct Answer: C. Nagarjuna
• **Nagarjuna** = He articulated 'Sunyavada', proposing that all phenomena lack independent existence and are 'empty'. • **Madhyamaka school** — This significant school of Mahayana Buddhism was founded by Nagarjuna, central to his 'Sunyavada' philosophy. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Dharmakirti]: A 7th-century Buddhist logician; [Ashvaghosha]: A 1st-2nd century Buddhist poet and philosopher; [Vasubandhu]: A 4th-5th century co-founder of the Yogachara school.
Which school of philosophy is also known as 'Uttara Mimamsa'?
Correct Answer: D. Vedanta
• **Vedanta** = This school of philosophy is also known as 'Uttara Mimamsa', focusing on the philosophical teachings of the Upanishads. • **Upanishads** — These ancient texts form the core of Vedanta philosophy, representing the 'end of the Vedas' and focusing on ultimate reality. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Nyaya]: A school of logic and epistemology; [Samkhya]: A dualistic school emphasizing Purusha and Prakriti; [Vaisheshika]: An atomistic school focusing on categories of existence.
The 'Gayatri Mantra', a highly revered chant in Hinduism, is found in which Veda?
Correct Answer: B. Rig Veda
• **Rig Veda** = The 'Gayatri Mantra', a highly revered chant in Hinduism, is found in the **Rig Veda**. • **Third Mandala** — This specific section of the Rig Veda contains the Gayatri Mantra, traditionally attributed to Sage Vishvamitra. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Atharva Veda]: Contains hymns for daily life and spells; [Sama Veda]: Comprises musical hymns for rituals; [Yajur Veda]: Includes prose mantras and sacrificial formulas.
Who was the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism?
Correct Answer: C. Vardhamana Mahavira
• **Vardhamana Mahavira** = He was the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism, credited with revitalizing the religion. • **6th century BCE** — Mahavira revitalized Jainism during this period, emphasizing extreme asceticism and the principle of Ahimsa. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Parshvanatha]: The 23rd Tirthankara; [Mallinatha]: The 19th Tirthankara; [Neminatha]: The 22nd Tirthankara.
The 'Four Noble Truths' (Arya Satya) form the fundamental basis of which religion?
Correct Answer: D. Buddhism
• **Buddhism** = The 'Four Noble Truths' (Arya Satya) form the fundamental basis of **Buddhism**. • **First teachings** — These truths were the initial teachings given by the Buddha after his enlightenment at Sarnath, outlining suffering and its cessation. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Jainism]: Follows principles like the Three Jewels; [Hinduism]: Has a diverse set of philosophies and traditions; [Shinto]: A Japanese religion focused on kami and purification.