Nobel Prize — Set 2

Correct Answer: C. The Karolinska Institute

• **The Karolinska Institute** = The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute is responsible for selecting the Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine. • **A century** — The Karolinska Institute has fulfilled its role for the Nobel Foundation in selecting Medicine laureates for over a century, highlighting its long-standing expertise. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: Harvard University: A prestigious university, but not the body that awards Nobel Prizes; Oxford University: Another renowned university, but not responsible for Nobel selections; Mayo Clinic: A leading medical center, but not involved in Nobel Prize selection.

Correct Answer: D. 1969

• **1969** = The first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded in 1969, making it the newest Nobel category. • **1969** — This year marked the inaugural award of the Economics prize, with Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen as its first recipients. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: 1901: The year the original five Nobel Prizes were first awarded, not Economics; 1945: Not the year the Economic Sciences prize was first awarded; 1954: An incorrect year for the first Economic Sciences Nobel Prize.

Correct Answer: A. Sweden

• **Sweden** = Alfred Nobel, the founder of the Nobel Prizes, was born in Stockholm, Sweden, and spent much of his life as a Swedish inventor. • **350** — Alfred Nobel, a chemist and industrialist, held over 350 patents, showcasing his prolific inventive career. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: Norway: While Norway hosts the Peace Prize, Nobel was not a Norwegian citizen; Germany: Nobel spent time in Germany for education and work, but was not a German citizen; France: Nobel also lived and worked in France, but was not a French citizen.

Correct Answer: B. The United Nations

• **The Red Cross** = The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has uniquely received the Nobel Peace Prize three times for its humanitarian work. • **1917, 1944, and 1963** — These are the three specific years in which the International Committee of the Red Cross was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for its relief efforts during major global conflicts. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: The United Nations: While a Nobel Peace Prize laureate (e.g., in 2001), it did not win in these specific three years; Amnesty International: A Nobel Peace Prize recipient (1977), but not in the years listed; Doctors Without Borders: Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999, not in these earlier years.

Correct Answer: C. Elinor Ostrom

• **Elinor Ostrom** = Elinor Ostrom was the first woman to receive the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, awarded in 2009. • **2009** — In this year, Elinor Ostrom made history as the first female laureate in Economic Sciences, recognized for her work on economic governance. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: Esther Duflo: A female Nobel laureate in Economics, but not the first; Claudia Goldin: A female Nobel laureate in Economics (2023), but not the first; Joan Robinson: An influential economist, but she never received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences.

Correct Answer: D. Photoelectric Effect

• **Photoelectric Effect** = Albert Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. • **1921** — This was the year Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize, specifically for his work on the photoelectric effect, not his more famous theories of relativity. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: General Relativity: He formulated this theory but did not receive the Nobel Prize for it; Special Relativity: This theory was also formulated by Einstein but not the reason for his Nobel; Quantum Entanglement: This concept was developed later by other physicists, not Einstein.

Correct Answer: A. Physics

• **Physics** = Richard Feynman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics. • **1965** — This was the year Richard Feynman, along with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: Chemistry: Feynman's primary contributions were in physics, not chemistry; Medicine: His work was theoretical physics, unrelated to medicine; Economics: He was not an economist and did not work in this field.

Correct Answer: B. 1974

• **posthumous awards** = The Nobel Foundation amended its statutes in 1974 to generally prohibit the awarding of prizes after a nominee's death. • **1974** — In this year, the Nobel Foundation established the rule that a prize can only be given if the person is alive at the time of the announcement. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: 1901: This was the year the first Nobel Prizes were awarded, not when the rule changed; 1950: No significant rule change regarding posthumous awards occurred in this year; 1990: This year is too late for the rule change.

Correct Answer: C. Peace

• **Peace** = Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in peacefully dismantling apartheid in South Africa. • **1993** — In this year, Mandela shared the Nobel Peace Prize with F.W. de Klerk for their efforts in the transition to a non-racial democracy. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: Literature: Mandela was a political figure, not primarily known as a writer for a literature prize; Medicine: His work was political and humanitarian, not scientific or medical; Economics: His contributions were in politics and human rights, not economics.

Correct Answer: D. Wangari Maathai

• **Wangari Maathai** = Wangari Maathai from Kenya was the first African woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. • **2004** — In this year, Wangari Maathai received the Nobel Peace Prize for her contributions to sustainable development, democracy, and peace. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf: She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011, after Maathai; Leymah Gbowee: She also won in 2011, after Maathai; Tawakkol Karman: She won in 2011 and is from Yemen (Asia), not Africa.