Revolutions — Set 1

Correct Answer: D. Treaty of Paris

• **Treaty of Paris** (1783) = officially ended the American Revolutionary War between Britain and USA. • Signed in **Paris** on September 3, 1783; Britain recognized US independence and ceded vast territories. • US borders extended from Atlantic Ocean to **Mississippi River**; a massive diplomatic victory. • 💡 Treaty of Versailles = WWI (1919); Treaty of London = multiple treaties; Treaty of Ghent = ended War of 1812 — Paris Treaty ended American Revolution.

Correct Answer: A. French Revolution

• **Tennis Court Oath** = pledge by French **Third Estate** members on **June 20, 1789**. • They swore not to disband until France had a **written constitution**; met at a tennis court after being locked out. • This defiance of royal authority marked the start of the **French Revolution**. • 💡 Russian Revolution = 1917; American Revolution = 1775–1783; Industrial Revolution = had no such oath — Tennis Court Oath was French Revolution.

Correct Answer: C. Giuseppe Garibaldi

• **Giuseppe Garibaldi** = Italian nationalist general who led the **'Red Shirts'** (Camicie Rosse). • **1860** — conquered Sicily and Naples with 1,000 Red Shirts; handed territories to King Victor Emmanuel II. • Italy unified in **1861** under King Victor Emmanuel II; Garibaldi called 'Hero of the Two Worlds'. • 💡 Victor Emmanuel II = king (not field commander); Mazzini = ideological nationalist; Count Cavour = political architect — Red Shirts were led by Garibaldi.

Correct Answer: A. China

• **Boxer Rebellion** = anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in **China** in **1899–1901**. • Led by **'Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists'** (Boxers); targeted foreigners and Chinese Christians. • Suppressed by an **8-nation alliance** (UK, USA, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Austria); China paid massive reparations. • 💡 Russia, Japan, India had separate revolts — Boxer Rebellion was specifically in China (Qing Dynasty era).

Correct Answer: C. Thomas Paine

• **Thomas Paine** wrote the pamphlet **'Common Sense'** in **January 1776** — advocated American independence. • Sold **500,000 copies** in a few months — one of the most widely read pamphlets in history. • Argued in simple language that monarchy was absurd; directly called for independence from Britain. • 💡 Jefferson = wrote Declaration of Independence; John Adams = 2nd President; Franklin = diplomat — 'Common Sense' was Thomas Paine's.

Correct Answer: C. James II

• **Glorious Revolution (1688)** = overthrow of **King James II** of England without bloodshed. • James II replaced by his daughter **Mary II** and son-in-law **William of Orange** (Netherlands). • Led to **Bill of Rights 1689** — established Parliamentary supremacy over the Crown permanently. • 💡 Charles I = executed in Civil War (1649); Louis XIV = French king; Henry VIII = Tudor monarch — Glorious Revolution overthrew James II.

Correct Answer: D. Commoners

• **Third Estate** = **Commoners** (peasants, urban workers, bourgeoisie) in pre-revolutionary France. • Comprised **~98% of the population** but had only 1 vote in the Estates-General (same as clergy/nobility). • **First Estate** = Clergy; **Second Estate** = Nobility — both were tax-exempt unlike the Third Estate. • 💡 Nobility = Second Estate; Royalty = not part of Three Estates; Clergy = First Estate — Third Estate was the commoners.

Correct Answer: B. Mao Zedong

• **Long March** = **Mao Zedong** led Chinese Communist forces on a **9,000 km** retreat (1934–35). • Escaping **Kuomintang** (Chiang Kai-shek) forces; only **~8,000 of 90,000** starters survived. • Cemented Mao's authority as Communist leader; ended at **Yan'an** in northern China. • 💡 Chiang Kai-shek = the opponent (Kuomintang); Sun Yat-sen = died 1925 before Long March; Stalin = Soviet leader — Long March was Mao's.

Correct Answer: D. James Hargreaves

• **James Hargreaves** invented the **Spinning Jenny** around **1764** in Lancashire, England. • Named after his wife/daughter; allowed one worker to spin **8 threads simultaneously** (later 80+). • Revolutionized the textile industry; along with Arkwright's Water Frame, transformed cloth production. • 💡 Samuel Crompton = invented Spinning Mule (1779); Richard Arkwright = Water Frame (1769); Edmund Cartwright = Power Loom — Spinning Jenny was Hargreaves.

Correct Answer: B. Great Britain

• **Opium Wars** = fought between **China** (Qing Dynasty) and **Great Britain** (1st: 1839–42; 2nd: 1856–60). • British illegally sold **opium from India** to China; China's seizure triggered the **First Opium War**. • **Treaty of Nanking (1842)** — Hong Kong ceded to Britain; 5 ports opened; extraterritorial rights granted. • 💡 France, Germany, Portugal played minor roles in 2nd war — Great Britain was the primary opponent in both Opium Wars.