Revolutions — Set 2
Indian History · क्रांतियां · Questions 11–20 of 40
Who was the last Czar of Russia, overthrown during the Russian Revolution?
Correct Answer: C. Nicholas II
• **Nicholas II** = last Czar (Emperor) of Russia; abdicated on **March 2, 1917** during February Revolution. • Abdication triggered by **WWI military defeats**, worker strikes, and **Bloody Sunday (1905)** legacy. • Executed along with his family on **July 17, 1918** at Yekaterinburg by Bolsheviks. • 💡 Ivan the Terrible = 16th-century Tsar; Alexander II = assassinated in 1881; Peter the Great = 18th-century Tsar — Nicholas II was the last Tsar.
The 'Young Turk Revolution' of 1908 aimed to reform which empire?
Correct Answer: B. Ottoman Empire
• **Young Turk Revolution (1908)** = reform movement that restored the constitution in the **Ottoman Empire**. • Led by the **Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)**; forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to reinstate 1876 Constitution. • Paved the way for the eventual collapse of the Ottoman Empire and rise of **modern Turkey** under Ataturk. • 💡 Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russian Empire, Persian Empire — none were the target; Young Turks reformed the Ottoman Empire.
Which philosopher's ideas about the 'Social Contract' heavily influenced the French Revolution?
Correct Answer: C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• **Jean-Jacques Rousseau** = philosopher whose **'Social Contract' (1762)** heavily influenced the French Revolution. • Famous line: **'Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains'** — condemned monarchies and inequality. • His idea of **popular sovereignty** (power belongs to the people) inspired revolutionary demands. • 💡 Locke = natural rights (influenced American Revolution); Montesquieu = separation of powers; Voltaire = religious tolerance — Rousseau's Social Contract shaped French Revolution most.
Toussaint Louverture was the leader of a successful slave revolution in:
Correct Answer: C. Haiti
• **Toussaint Louverture** led the **Haitian Revolution** — only successful slave revolt in history. • Fought against French colonial rule; **Haiti** became independent on **January 1, 1804**. • Haiti = first **Black republic** in the world and first Caribbean nation to gain independence. • 💡 Cuba = Spanish colony till 1898; Brazil = Portuguese colony; Mexico = Spanish colony — Haitian Revolution under Louverture was unique to Haiti.
In which year did both the February and October Revolutions occur in Russia?
Correct Answer: C. 1917
• Both **February** and **October Revolutions** occurred in **1917** in Russia. • **February 1917** — Tsar Nicholas II abdicated; Provisional Government formed. • **October 1917** — Bolsheviks under Lenin overthrew Provisional Government; led to USSR (formed 1922). • 💡 1905 = Bloody Sunday and first Russian Revolution; 1914 = WWI began; 1921 = New Economic Policy — both 1917 revolutions happened in that single year.
Who is known as the 'Iron Chancellor' who unified Germany through 'Blood and Iron'?
Correct Answer: A. Otto von Bismarck
• **Otto von Bismarck** = 'Iron Chancellor' who unified Germany through **'Blood and Iron'** policy. • United German states into the **German Empire on January 18, 1871** at Palace of Versailles. • Fought three wars: Danish War (1864), Austro-Prussian War (1866), Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). • 💡 Kaiser Wilhelm II = emperor after Bismarck; Frederick the Great = 18th-century Prussian king; Hitler = 20th-century dictator — Bismarck was the Iron Chancellor.
The 'Boston Massacre' of 1770 was a key precursor to which conflict?
Correct Answer: B. American Revolution
• **Boston Massacre** = **March 5, 1770** — British soldiers killed **5 civilians** in Boston. • **Soldiers fired** into a crowd; **Crispus Attucks** (Black American) was the first to die. • Paul Revere's engraving of the event spread anti-British sentiment across the colonies. • 💡 Civil War = 1861–65; French and Indian War = 1754–63 (already over); War of 1812 = separate conflict — Boston Massacre led to American Revolution.
The 'Meiji Restoration' in 1868 marked the modernization and industrialization of:
Correct Answer: A. Japan
• **Meiji Restoration (1868)** = Emperor Meiji restored to power in **Japan**; ended Tokugawa Shogunate. • Japan rapidly adopted **Western technology**, military and education — abolished **feudalism**. • By **1905**, Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War — first Asian power to beat a European nation. • 💡 China = different modernization path; Thailand = never colonized; Korea = under Japanese control — Meiji Restoration was Japan's transformation.
The political treatise 'The Social Contract' was written by:
Correct Answer: C. Rousseau
• **'The Social Contract'** = political treatise by **Jean-Jacques Rousseau**, published in **1762**. • Opens with: **'Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains'** — most famous line in political philosophy. • Argued for **popular sovereignty**: government authority derives from the people's consent. • 💡 Voltaire = satirist ('Candide'); Diderot = encyclopedist; Kant = German philosopher — Social Contract is Rousseau's masterwork.
Who invented the 'Flying Shuttle', which sped up the weaving process?
Correct Answer: C. John Kay
• **John Kay** invented the **Flying Shuttle** in **1733** — doubled the speed of weaving. • Allowed **single weaver** to weave **wider cloth** without a helper; mechanized lateral shuttle motion. • The Flying Shuttle created demand for faster thread spinning, leading to the Spinning Jenny (1764). • 💡 Eli Whitney = Cotton Gin (1793); James Watt = steam engine; Richard Arkwright = Water Frame (1769) — Flying Shuttle was John Kay's invention.