Revolutions — Set 3

Correct Answer: B. French Revolution

• **'Liberty, Equality, Fraternity'** = motto of the **French Revolution** of 1789. • French: **Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité** — represented rejection of monarchy, privilege, and inequality. • This slogan remains **France's official national motto** to this day, used on official documents. • 💡 Russian Revolution = 'Peace, Land, Bread'; Glorious Revolution = no specific slogan; American Revolution = 'No Taxation Without Representation' — this motto belongs to the French Revolution.

Correct Answer: D. England

• **Industrial Revolution** began in **England (Great Britain)** in the mid-18th century (~1760s). • Key advantages: abundant **coal and iron**, stable Parliament, colonial trade network, and merchant banks. • Textile mechanization → steam power → railways; spread to Belgium, France, Germany, and USA next. • 💡 Germany industrialized later (~1870s); France (~1830s); USA (~1820s) — England was the definite first nation.

Correct Answer: C. George Washington

• **George Washington** = Commander-in-Chief of the **Continental Army** during the American Revolution. • Key victory at **Battle of Trenton (1776)** — crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night. • Became the **1st President of the USA** (1789–1797); unanimously elected twice. • 💡 Alexander Hamilton = Washington's aide, later Treasury Secretary; Franklin = diplomat to France; Jefferson = wrote Declaration — Washington commanded the army.

Correct Answer: C. American Revolution

• **'No Taxation Without Representation'** = rallying cry of American colonists against Britain. • Colonists paid **Stamp Act (1765)** and **Townshend Acts** taxes to British Parliament with no colonial MPs. • Led to Boston Tea Party (1773) and ultimately the **American Revolution** (1775–1783). • 💡 French Revolution used 'Liberty, Equality, Fraternity'; Indian struggle = 'Do or Die'; Russian Revolution = 'Peace, Land, Bread' — this slogan belongs to American Revolution.

Correct Answer: C. 4 July 1776

• **American Declaration of Independence** adopted on **4 July 1776** — celebrated as Independence Day in USA. • Drafted primarily by **Thomas Jefferson**; announced separation of **13 colonies** from British rule. • Famous line: **'All men are created equal'**; signed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. • 💡 4 July 1789 = French Revolution already started; 14 July 1776 = wrong date; 14 July 1789 = Storming of Bastille — American Declaration was 4 July 1776.

Correct Answer: A. 14 July 1789

• **Storming of the Bastille** = **14 July 1789** — Paris mob attacked the Bastille fortress-prison. • Bastille held only **7 prisoners** but symbolized royal tyranny; crowd seized weapons stored inside. • This date is celebrated as **Bastille Day** — France's national day — every July 14. • 💡 14 July 1776 = no historical event; 5 May 1789 = Estates-General convened; 4 July 1789 = Independence Day is American — Bastille stormed on 14 July 1789.

Correct Answer: B. Vladimir Lenin

• **Vladimir Lenin** = leader of the **Bolshevik Party** during the Russian Revolution. • Orchestrated the **October Revolution (November 7, 1917)** — overthrew the Provisional Government. • Became the first head of **Soviet Russia**; died in 1924; succeeded by Joseph Stalin. • 💡 Stalin = came to power after Lenin's death; Gorbachev = last USSR leader; Trotsky = military head (not party leader) — Lenin led the Bolsheviks.

Correct Answer: C. Louis XVI

• **Louis XVI** = King of France when the Revolution broke out in **1789**; weak and indecisive ruler. • Accused of **treason** for secretly communicating with foreign enemies against France. • Executed by **guillotine on January 21, 1793**; his execution ended 1,000 years of French monarchy. • 💡 Napoleon = general who became emperor AFTER revolution; Louis XV = his grandfather; Louis XIV = 'Sun King', died 1715 — Louis XVI was the revolutionary-era king.

Correct Answer: C. Maximilien Robespierre

• **Maximilien Robespierre** = leader of **Jacobins** and chief architect of the **Reign of Terror** (1793–94). • Over **17,000 executed** by guillotine; called enemies of the Revolution — including rivals like Danton. • Robespierre himself guillotined on **July 28, 1794 (Thermidor)** — ending the Terror. • 💡 Napoleon = came after the Terror; Marat = journalist-radical, assassinated 1793; Danton = executed by Robespierre — Robespierre led the Reign of Terror.

Correct Answer: C. Waterloo

• Napoleon finally defeated at the **Battle of Waterloo** on **June 18, 1815** in present-day Belgium. • **Duke of Wellington** (British) + Prussian General **Blücher** combined forces to overwhelm Napoleon. • Ended the **Napoleonic Wars**; Napoleon exiled to Saint Helena island where he died in 1821. • 💡 Trafalgar (1805) = naval defeat; Leipzig (1813) = 'Battle of Nations' earlier defeat; Austerlitz (1805) = Napoleon's greatest victory — Waterloo was his final defeat.