Revolutions — Set 4
Indian History · क्रांतियां · Questions 31–40 of 40
Who is considered the 'Father of Modern China'?
Correct Answer: D. Sun Yat-sen
• **Sun Yat-sen** = 'Father of Modern China'; led the **1911 Xinhai Revolution** that ended Qing Dynasty. • Became the **first provisional President** of Republic of China in January 1912; Three Principles: Nationalism, Democracy, Livelihood. • Revered by both **KMT (Taiwan)** and Communist China as a national hero. • 💡 Chiang Kai-shek = Sun's successor in KMT; Mao Zedong = Communist China founder; Deng Xiaoping = economic reformer — Sun Yat-sen is 'Father of Modern China'.
The 'Communist Manifesto' was written by Friedrich Engels and:
Correct Answer: B. Karl Marx
• **'Communist Manifesto'** co-authored by **Karl Marx** and Friedrich Engels in **1848**. • Famously ends with: **'Workers of the world, unite!'** — call for proletariat revolution against capitalism. • Published just before the **Revolutions of 1848** swept across Europe; most influential political pamphlet. • 💡 Stalin = applied communism but didn't write the Manifesto; Lenin = wrote 'What Is To Be Done?'; Mao = 'Little Red Book' — Manifesto was Marx and Engels.
In which year did the 'Boston Tea Party' take place?
Correct Answer: B. 1773
• **Boston Tea Party** = **December 16, 1773** — colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor. • Protest against the **Tea Act** which gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales. • Led directly to **Intolerable Acts (1774)** by Britain → escalated to **American Revolution (1775)**. • 💡 1765 = Stamp Act (first major tax protest); 1776 = Declaration of Independence; 1789 = French Revolution — Boston Tea Party was specifically 1773.
The Russian Revolution resulted in the formation of which state?
Correct Answer: D. USSR (Soviet Union)
• **Russian Revolution** → creation of **USSR** (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) on **December 30, 1922**. • World's **first communist state**; comprised 15 Soviet republics under Moscow's control. • USSR dissolved on **December 25, 1991** — lasted 69 years; shaped global 20th-century history. • 💡 Russian Empire = pre-revolution; Commonwealth of Independent States = post-1991; Russian Federation = present-day Russia — Revolution created the USSR.
The improvement of the Steam Engine, driving the Industrial Revolution, is credited to:
Correct Answer: C. James Watt
• **James Watt** improved the steam engine dramatically in **1769** — far more efficient than Newcomen's. • Added a **separate condenser** — key innovation that reduced fuel waste and increased power. • Powered **factories, trains, and ships** — became the engine of the Industrial Revolution. • 💡 Thomas Edison = electric light bulb; Nikola Tesla = AC electricity; Alexander Graham Bell = telephone — steam engine improvement credited to James Watt.
"Workers of the world, unite!" is a famous slogan associated with:
Correct Answer: C. Communism/Marxism
• **'Workers of the world, unite!'** = closing slogan of **'Communist Manifesto' (1848)** by Marx and Engels. • Calls for the **proletariat** (working class) to unite against the **bourgeoisie** (capitalist class). • Became the rallying cry of communist and socialist movements globally in the 19th and 20th centuries. • 💡 Capitalism celebrates free markets; feudalism = lord-serf system; fascism = extreme nationalism — this slogan is exclusively communist/Marxist.
Which estate paid almost all the taxes in pre-revolutionary France?
Correct Answer: A. Third Estate
• **Third Estate** (commoners) paid virtually **all taxes** in pre-revolutionary France. • **First Estate** (clergy) and **Second Estate** (nobility) were largely **tax-exempt** by royal privilege. • This unjust burden on 98% of the population became a central grievance fueling the French Revolution. • 💡 First Estate = clergy (tax-exempt); Second Estate = nobility (tax-exempt); 'Fourth Estate' = modern term for press — Third Estate bore all taxes.
The 'guillotine' was a machine primarily used for what purpose during the French Revolution?
Correct Answer: B. Execution (Beheading)
• **Guillotine** = machine used for **execution by beheading** during the French Revolution. • Named after Dr. **Joseph-Ignace Guillotin** who proposed it as a humane, equal method of death for all. • Over **17,000 people** officially guillotined during the **Reign of Terror** (1793–94). • 💡 Printing = Gutenberg's press; Imprisonment = jails/Bastille; Torture = different devices — guillotine was specifically an execution (beheading) machine.
The Chinese Revolution of 1911 overthrew which dynasty?
Correct Answer: B. Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
• **Xinhai Revolution (1911)** overthrew the **Qing (Manchu) Dynasty** — China's last imperial dynasty. • Qing Dynasty had ruled since **1644**; ended on **February 12, 1912** when Puyi (last emperor) abdicated. • Led to the **Republic of China** under **Sun Yat-sen** as provisional president. • 💡 Ming Dynasty = ruled before Qing (ended 1644); Han Dynasty = ancient dynasty (ended 220 AD); Tang = medieval dynasty — 1911 Revolution ended the Qing Dynasty.
Who was the first President of the United States?
Correct Answer: C. George Washington
• **George Washington** = **1st President of the USA** (1789–1797); served two terms by choice. • Previously commanded the **Continental Army** to victory over Britain in the Revolutionary War. • Called **'Father of the Nation'**; refused a third term, establishing the two-term presidential tradition. • 💡 Thomas Jefferson = 3rd President; Abraham Lincoln = 16th President; John Adams = 2nd President — Washington was the first president.