Pollution & Protocols — Set 5

Correct Answer: C. To reduce toxic exhaust emissions

Catalytic converters transform harmful gases like carbon monoxide into less toxic substances. They use precious metals like platinum to facilitate chemical reactions. This technology is essential for meeting modern vehicle emission standards.

Correct Answer: C. Sulphur Dioxide

Sulphur dioxide from volcanoes forms sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere that reflect sunlight. Large eruptions can lead to a drop in global temperatures for several years. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 is a classic example of this effect.

Correct Answer: D. Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol

This supplementary protocol provides international rules for response measures in the event of damage to biodiversity. It strengthens the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. It helps ensure that parties are held accountable for environmental risks.

Correct Answer: B. Marine life ingestion

Microbeads are tiny plastic particles used in cosmetics that bypass wastewater filtration systems. They are easily eaten by fish and other marine organisms, entering the food chain. Many countries have now banned their use to protect aquatic ecosystems.

Correct Answer: C. Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN)

The correct answer is 'Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN)'. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly but form in the atmosphere through chemical reactions. PAN is produced by the reaction of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the presence of light. It is a powerful eye irritant and component of smog.

Correct Answer: D. Fluoride

Knock-knee syndrome is a symptom of skeletal fluorosis caused by excess fluoride. It involves the inward bending of the knees until they touch. This condition is often seen in areas with contaminated groundwater sources.

Correct Answer: C. Fossil fuel combustion

The correct answer is 'Fossil fuel combustion'. Anthropogenic refers to environmental changes caused or influenced by people. Burning coal, oil, and gas for energy is the largest source of man-made CO2. Transitioning to renewable energy is key to reducing these emissions.

Correct Answer: C. UNCCD

The correct answer is 'UNCCD'. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification addresses land degradation in arid and semi-arid regions. It focuses on improving land productivity and sustainable management. It is particularly active in African and Asian drylands.

Correct Answer: B. Methane

Methane is the main component of natural gas and is much more effective at trapping heat than CO2. Leaks during extraction and transport contribute significantly to climate change. Reducing methane leaks is a high priority for environmental protection.

Correct Answer: C. Turbidity

Turbidity is a key indicator of water quality and measures the concentration of suspended solids. High turbidity can block sunlight and harm aquatic plants and animals. It is often measured using a Secchi disk or a turbidimeter.