Viceroys & Acts — Set 9

Correct Answer: D. Lord Wellesley

• **Lord Wellesley** introduced Subsidiary Alliance system **1798** — states pay for British troops. • **Nizam of Hyderabad** was first to accept; Mysore, Tanjore, Awadh followed. • States lost independence — couldn't maintain foreign relations or army without British consent. • 💡 Hastings = Third Maratha War; Cornwallis = Permanent Settlement; Dalhousie = Doctrine of Lapse.

Correct Answer: D. Lord William Bentinck

• **Lord William Bentinck** abolished Sati via **Regulation XVII, 1829** — Bengal Sati Regulation. • Acted on persistent campaigning by **Raja Ram Mohan Roy** — Brahmo Samaj founder. • Considered one of most significant British-era social reforms in colonial India. • 💡 Canning = 1857 Viceroy, Income Tax; Dalhousie = Doctrine of Lapse, railways; Ripon = Factory Act, Local Govt.

Correct Answer: D. Lord Dalhousie

• **Lord Dalhousie** applied Doctrine of Lapse — states without natural heir annexed by British. • Satara, Sambalpur, **Jhansi (1853)**, Nagpur, Udaipur annexed — fueled 1857 Revolt. • Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi became symbol of resistance against this policy. • 💡 Hastings = Maratha wars; Wellesley = Subsidiary Alliance; Canning = administered after Dalhousie.

Correct Answer: D. Government of India Act 1858

• **GoI Act 1858** transferred power to British Crown — ended East India Company rule. • Abolished **dual government** — Board of Control and Court of Directors abolished. • Created **Secretary of State for India** with 15-member advisory council. • 💡 Indian Councils 1861 = Portfolio System; Charter 1853 = open civil services; Regulating 1773 = GG of Bengal.

Correct Answer: C. Lord Canning

• **Lord Canning** became first Viceroy of India in **1858** — after GoI Act transferred power. • 'Viceroy' = direct representative of British Monarch — replaced 'Governor-General of India'. • Also called 'Clemency Canning' for moderate treatment of rebels after 1857 Revolt. • 💡 Mountbatten = last Viceroy; Curzon = not first; Dalhousie = predecessor as GG, not Viceroy.

Correct Answer: A. Lord Ripon

• **Lord Ripon** — 'Father of Local Self-Government'; Resolution of **1882** empowered local bodies. • Gave elected Indian members real powers in municipal and district boards. • Believed local self-govt = political education for Indians toward representative government. • 💡 Mayo = financial decentralization 1870 (precursor); Dufferin = INC 1885; Lytton = Vernacular Press Act.

Correct Answer: D. Lord Curzon

• **Lord Curzon** executed Partition of Bengal in **1905** — split into East and West Bengal. • Official reason: administrative efficiency; real aim: **divide Bengali nationalist movement**. • Sparked **Swadeshi and Boycott movements** — partition annulled by Hardinge II in 1911. • 💡 Chelmsford = Rowlatt Act; Minto = succeeded Curzon; Hardinge = annulled partition, not creator.

Correct Answer: A. Lord Chelmsford

• **Lord Chelmsford** was Viceroy during Jallianwala Bagh massacre — **April 13, 1919**. • General **Reginald Dyer** ordered firing on unarmed crowd — **379+ killed** officially. • Massacre turned moderates into nationalists; Rabindranath Tagore returned his knighthood. • 💡 Hardinge = preceded Chelmsford; Irwin = followed, Simon Commission; Reading = followed Chelmsford.

Correct Answer: D. Government of India Act 1919

• **GoI Act 1919** (Montagu-Chelmsford) introduced Dyarchy in provinces. • **Reserved subjects** (Governor): law, police, land revenue. **Transferred**: education, health. • Step toward responsible government; also created bicameral central legislature. • 💡 GoI 1935 = abolished Dyarchy; ICA 1909 = separate electorates; ICA 1892 = indirect election.

Correct Answer: D. Lord Irwin

• **Lord Irwin** was Viceroy when Simon Commission arrived **February 3, 1928**. • Boycotted by all Indian parties — **no Indian member** in all-British commission. • **Lala Lajpat Rai** died from injuries after police lathicharge during Lahore protests. • 💡 Linlithgow = Quit India; Reading = Non-Cooperation; Willingdon = CDM relaunch 1932.