Ancient & Medieval — Set 5

Correct Answer: B. Aristotle

Aristotle is the Father of Logic for inventing the system of formal reasoning known as syllogism. His works on logic, known as the 'Organon', remained the dominant system for centuries. He established the rules for identifying valid arguments.

Correct Answer: C. Jabir ibn Hayyan

Jabir ibn Hayyan, or Geber, is called the Father of Chemistry for introducing lab techniques like distillation. He shifted alchemy toward a more scientific and experimental approach. He discovered many chemical substances and acids for the first time.

Correct Answer: D. Thucydides

Thucydides is the Father of Scientific History for his focus on evidence and human-centered causes. Unlike earlier writers, he did not attribute historical events to divine intervention. His account of the Peloponnesian War is a masterpiece of political analysis.

Correct Answer: C. Thales

Thales of Miletus is traditionally known as the Father of Philosophy for being the first to seek natural origins of the world. He moved away from mythological explanations toward rational inquiry. He is considered the first of the seven sages of Greece.

Correct Answer: C. Hipparchus

Hipparchus is the Father of Trigonometry for developing the first known table of chords for astronomical use. His mathematical innovations allowed for the measurement of angles and distances in space. He is also credited with the discovery of the precession of the equinoxes.

Correct Answer: A. Sushruta

Sushruta is called the Father of Surgery for his ancient text 'Sushruta Samhita' which describes complex procedures. He performed early versions of plastic surgery and eye surgery. He also classified over a hundred types of surgical instruments.

Correct Answer: B. Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus is the Father of Modern Astronomy for proposing that the Earth revolves around the Sun. His heliocentric theory challenged the long-held belief that the Earth was the center of the universe. This discovery sparked a scientific revolution in Europe.

Correct Answer: D. Socrates

Socrates is titled the Father of Western Philosophy for shifting focus toward ethics and the 'Socratic Method' of questioning. He taught that virtue is the most important human goal. His influence on his students Plato and Aristotle shaped all subsequent Western thought.

Correct Answer: C. Brahmagupta

The correct answer is Brahmagupta. Brahmagupta (598-668 CE) was the first to define zero as a number and describe its mathematical properties in his work 'Brahmasphutasiddhanta' (628 CE). He established rules for arithmetic operations involving zero. This topic is frequently tested in competitive examinations such as RRB NTPC, SSC, and UPSC.

Correct Answer: C. Johannes Gutenberg

Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable type printing press around 1440 in Germany. This invention revolutionized the spread of knowledge by making books affordable and widely available. It is considered one of the most important inventions in human history.