Biology Discoveries — Set 2

Correct Answer: C. Frederick Banting

• **Frederick Banting** = He led the team that successfully isolated insulin for the treatment of diabetes. • **1921** — The year Banting and Best successfully isolated insulin from the pancreas. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: All of the mentioned: while Charles Best and John Macleod were crucial collaborators, Banting is credited as the leader; Charles Best: Banting's assistant, instrumental in the isolation; John Macleod: the head of the lab where the work took place.

Correct Answer: D. Robert Brown

• **Robert Brown** = He discovered the nucleus within plant cells while observing orchids. • **1831** — The year Robert Brown published his findings on the plant cell nucleus. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: Matthias Schleiden: proposed that all plants are made of cells; Robert Hooke: coined the term 'cell' by observing cork; Theodor Schwann: proposed that all animals are made of cells.

Correct Answer: D. Charles Darwin

• **Charles Darwin** = He formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection, detailing it in 'On the Origin of Species'. • **'On the Origin of Species'** — Darwin's seminal book published in 1859, outlining his theory of evolution. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: Other than listed: incorrect, as Charles Darwin is listed; Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: proposed an early theory of evolution involving inheritance of acquired characteristics; Alfred Wallace: independently conceived of natural selection, prompting Darwin to publish his work.

Correct Answer: D. Ronald Ross

• **Ronald Ross** = He discovered that the malarial parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes, specifically in their stomach. • **1897** — The year Ronald Ross made his crucial discovery about malaria transmission in mosquitoes. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: Alphonse Laveran: discovered the malarial parasite in human blood; Camillo Golgi: known for his work on the nervous system and the Golgi apparatus; Robert Koch: discovered the causative agents for TB and cholera.

Correct Answer: B. Dmitri Ivanovsky

• **Dmitri Ivanovsky** = He discovered the existence of viruses by observing the Tobacco Mosaic Virus passed through bacterial filters. • **Tobacco Mosaic Virus** — The first virus ever discovered, which Ivanovsky studied. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: Martinus Beijerinck: confirmed Ivanovsky's findings and coined the term 'virus'; All of the mentioned: incorrect, as Ivanovsky made the initial discovery; Wendell Stanley: isolated and crystallized the Tobacco Mosaic Virus, demonstrating it was a protein.

Correct Answer: D. Jonas Salk

• **Jonas Salk** = Developed the first safe and effective inactivated polio vaccine. • **1955** — The year Salk's inactivated polio vaccine was introduced. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Albert Sabin]: Developed the oral live-attenuated polio vaccine; [Maurice Hilleman]: A prominent vaccinologist, but not for the first polio vaccine; [Edward Jenner]: Developed the smallpox vaccine.

Correct Answer: C. Hans Krebs

• **Hans Krebs** = Discovered the series of chemical reactions known as the Citric Acid Cycle. • **1953** — The year Hans Krebs was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the cycle. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Melvin Calvin]: Discovered the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis; [Carl Cori]: Discovered the Cori cycle related to glycogen metabolism; [Peter Mitchell]: Proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis for ATP synthesis.

Correct Answer: D. Paul Ehrlich

• **Paul Ehrlich** = Pioneered the study of serum therapy and proposed the 'side-chain theory' to explain how antibodies work. • **diphtheria** — Emil von Behring, who worked alongside Ehrlich, won the Nobel Prize for developing an antitoxin against this disease. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Elie Metchnikoff]: Discovered phagocytosis, a different aspect of immunity; [Emil von Behring]: Developed antitoxins, but Ehrlich focused more on the general concept of antibodies; [All of the mentioned]: While Behring was involved, Ehrlich's theoretical contributions are more directly related to the 'existence' and mechanism of antibodies.

Correct Answer: B. Boveri and Sutton

• **Boveri and Sutton** = Independently identified chromosomes as the physical basis of heredity through their 'Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance'. • **Mendel's laws** — Their theory bridged the gap between these genetic principles and cell biology. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Thomas Hunt Morgan]: Demonstrated genetic linkage and gene mapping using fruit flies; [Walter Sutton]: One half of the duo, but Boveri also contributed significantly; [Gregor Mendel]: Discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance without knowing the physical carriers.

Correct Answer: B. Albert Szent-Györgyi

• **Albert Szent-Györgyi** = Isolated hexuronic acid, later known as Vitamin C, and proved its deficiency causes scurvy. • **1937** — The year Szent-Györgyi won the Nobel Prize for his discoveries concerning Vitamin C and fumaric acid catalysis. • 💡 Wrong-option analysis: [Casimir Funk]: Coined the term 'vitamine' and worked on the general concept of vitamins; [Linus Pauling]: Advocated for the use of high doses of Vitamin C, but did not discover it; [Frederick Hopkins]: Proposed the existence of 'accessory food factors' (vitamins).