Biology Discoveries — Set 5
Inventions · जीवविज्ञान की खोजें · Questions 41–50 of 70
Who discovered 'Restriction Enzymes', the 'chemical scissors' used in genetic engineering?
Correct Answer: A. Werner Arber
The correct answer is 'Werner Arber'. These three scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978 for discovering and applying restriction enzymes. These enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing scientists to manipulate genes. This technology led to the birth of the biotechnology industry.
Who discovered the 'Malpighian Tubules' in insects and the structure of the kidney?
Correct Answer: D. Marcello Malpighi
Marcello Malpighi identified the excretory system of insects and the filtration units in the human kidney. Both structures are named 'Malpighian' in his honor. He was one of the first to apply the microscope to the study of animal and plant anatomy.
The discovery of 'Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment' proved that?
Correct Answer: C. DNA is the genetic material
In 1944, Oswald Avery and his team showed that DNA, not protein, was the substance that transformed bacteria. This was a crucial discovery that shifted the focus of genetics to DNA. It provided the biological foundation for Watson and Crick's later work.
Who discovered 'PCR' (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to amplify DNA?
Correct Answer: C. Kary Mullis
Kary Mullis developed PCR in 1983, allowing millions of copies of a DNA segment to be made quickly. This technique is indispensable for forensic science, medical diagnosis, and genetic research. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993.
The discovery of 'Bioluminescence' mechanisms in jellyfish led to the use of?
Correct Answer: A. GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)
Osamu Shimomura isolated GFP from the Aequorea victoria jellyfish. This protein has become a revolutionary tool in biology, allowing researchers to track gene expression and protein movement in living cells. He shared the Nobel Prize in 2008.
Who discovered 'Monoclonal Antibodies' for targeted medical therapy?
Correct Answer: A. Georges Köhler
Köhler and Milstein developed the hybridoma technique in 1975 to produce identical antibodies in large quantities. These are now used to treat various cancers and autoimmune diseases. They received the Nobel Prize in 1984 for this engineering feat.
Who discovered the 'Helicobacter pylori' bacteria as the cause of stomach ulcers?
Correct Answer: A. Barry Marshall
Marshall and Warren challenged the medical dogma that ulcers were caused by stress or spicy food. Barry Marshall even drank a culture of the bacteria to prove it caused gastritis. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2005.
The discovery of 'Apoptosis' or programmed cell death was significantly advanced by?
Correct Answer: B. Sydney Brenner
The correct answer is 'Sydney Brenner'. These three researchers used the roundworm C. elegans to identify the specific genes that control cell death. Apoptosis is essential for normal development and the prevention of cancer. They shared the Nobel Prize in 2002 for their discoveries.
Who discovered 'Telomerase', the enzyme that protects the ends of chromosomes?
Correct Answer: A. Elizabeth Blackburn
Blackburn, Greider, and Szostak discovered how telomeres protect chromosomes and the enzyme telomerase that maintains them. This discovery has major implications for understanding aging and cancer. They shared the Nobel Prize in 2009.
The discovery of 'Plasmids' as independent DNA molecules in bacteria was by?
Correct Answer: B. Joshua Lederberg
Joshua Lederberg coined the term 'plasmid' in 1952 to describe genetic material outside the main chromosome. Plasmids often carry antibiotic resistance genes and are now used as vectors in genetic engineering. He was a pioneer in bacterial genetics and won a Nobel Prize at age 33.