Biology Discoveries — Set 4
Inventions · जीवविज्ञान की खोजें · Questions 31–40 of 70
Which scientist discovered the 'Prion', an infectious protein that causes brain diseases?
Correct Answer: D. Stanley Prusiner
Stanley Prusiner identified prions as a new class of infectious agents that do not contain DNA or RNA. These proteins cause diseases like Mad Cow disease and CJD in humans. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1997 for this controversial finding.
Who is credited with discovering 'Hormones' for the first time?
Correct Answer: A. William Bayliss
Bayliss and Starling discovered the first hormone, secretin, in 1902. They proved that chemical messengers could travel via blood to trigger responses in other organs. Starling coined the term 'hormone' from a Greek word meaning 'to excite'.
The discovery of 'Interferons', which help the body fight viruses, was made by?
Correct Answer: A. Alick Isaacs
Isaacs and Lindenmann discovered interferons in 1957 while studying why one virus infection prevents another. Interferons are proteins produced by cells in response to viral invasion. They play a critical role in the innate immune system.
Who discovered 'Mitochondria' and called them 'bioblasts'?
Correct Answer: B. Richard Altmann
Richard Altmann identified mitochondria in 1890 and believed they were independent living units within cells. Carl Benda later renamed them 'mitochondria' in 1898. They are now known as the powerhouses of the cell for ATP production.
Who discovered the 'HIV' virus as the cause of AIDS?
Correct Answer: A. Luc Montagnier
Montagnier and Barré-Sinoussi at the Pasteur Institute isolated the virus in 1983. Robert Gallo's team in the US also made significant contributions to identifying and testing for the virus. Montagnier and Barré-Sinoussi received the Nobel Prize in 2008.
The discovery of 'Phagocytosis' (cells eating bacteria) was made by?
Correct Answer: C. Elie Metchnikoff
Elie Metchnikoff observed white blood cells engulfing harmful particles in starfish larvae. He proposed that this process is a key part of the body's defense against infection. He shared the 1908 Nobel Prize with Paul Ehrlich.
Who discovered 'X-ray crystallography' which revealed the shape of biological molecules?
Correct Answer: A. Max von Laue
Max von Laue discovered X-ray diffraction, and the Braggs developed the law to determine atomic structures. This technique was essential for discovering the structures of DNA, proteins, and vitamins. It remains the primary method for studying molecular biology today.
Who discovered the 'Reverse Transcriptase' enzyme in retroviruses?
Correct Answer: A. Howard Temin
Temin and Baltimore independently discovered this enzyme which copies RNA back into DNA. This finding challenged the 'Central Dogma' of molecular biology that information only flows from DNA to RNA. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1975.
Who discovered 'Neurotransmitters' and the chemical transmission of nerve impulses?
Correct Answer: A. Otto Loewi
Otto Loewi and Henry Dale proved that nerves communicate with muscles and other nerves using chemical signals. Loewi's famous frog heart experiment showed that a chemical (ACh) controlled heart rate. They shared the Nobel Prize in 1936.
The discovery of 'Blood Capillaries' was made by which pioneer of histology?
Correct Answer: B. Marcello Malpighi
Marcello Malpighi observed capillaries in a frog's lung in 1661 using a microscope. This discovery provided the 'missing link' in William Harvey's theory of blood circulation. He is often referred to as the 'Father of Microscopical Anatomy'.