Non-Cooperation & Civil Disobedience — Set 12

Correct Answer: B. Of one's own country (use of Indian-made goods)

Swadeshi means 'of one's own country' — the use of goods manufactured in India instead of foreign, especially British, goods. The Swadeshi movement began during the partition of Bengal (1905) and was revived during the Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience movements. Gandhi made khadi the symbol of the Swadeshi principle.

Correct Answer: C. Annie Besant

Annie Besant, the British theosophist and Home Rule League leader, strongly opposed Gandhi's Non-Cooperation programme at the 1920 Calcutta session. She believed the programme was irresponsible and would lead to chaos. Jinnah also opposed it and eventually left the Congress, considering Gandhi's methods unconstitutional.

Correct Answer: B. Gandhi's mass politics and Non-Cooperation Movement

Muhammad Ali Jinnah left the Indian National Congress in 1920, strongly opposing Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement as unconstitutional and irresponsible mass politics. Jinnah favoured constitutional methods and elite negotiations rather than mass civil disobedience. His departure marked the beginning of his divergence from the Congress and eventual emergence as Muslim League leader.

Correct Answer: B. Lahore Session 1929

The Lahore Session of December 1929 authorised the Congress Working Committee to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement at a time and in a manner of its choosing. The session also declared Purna Swaraj as the goal and fixed January 26 as Independence Day. This delegation of authority to the CWC gave Gandhi the flexibility to plan the Dandi March.

Correct Answer: B. Bardoli and Gujarat

The 'No Tax' campaigns — refusal to pay land revenue — were particularly strong in Bardoli and other parts of Gujarat during the Civil Disobedience Movement. The Bardoli region had a history of successful no-tax campaigns, as demonstrated by Vallabhbhai Patel's 1928 Bardoli Satyagraha. The campaign showed that Gandhian methods could be adapted to peasant economic grievances.

Correct Answer: B. Rukmini Lakshmipathi

Rukmini Lakshmipathi was a prominent Tamil Nadu Congress leader who participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Women across India joined the movement in large numbers, with many being arrested for salt satyagraha, picketing, and other acts of civil disobedience. The movement was notable for integrating women from diverse backgrounds into nationalist politics.

Correct Answer: B. Khadi production, Hindu-Muslim unity, and eradication of untouchability

Gandhi's Constructive Programme included khadi production and use, Hindu-Muslim unity, eradication of untouchability, promotion of cottage industries, and basic education. Gandhi believed that India had to build social and economic foundations for independence, not merely fight against British rule. This programme occupied much of his time between mass movements.

Correct Answer: B. Wednesday

The Dandi March started on Wednesday, March 12, 1930. Gandhi and 78 followers left Sabarmati Ashram at 6:30 AM. The specific timing and day were part of Gandhi's careful orchestration to maximise press coverage and public participation.

Correct Answer: A. Delhi Pact

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact is also known as the Delhi Pact, as it was negotiated and signed in Delhi on March 5, 1931. The pact was the result of several rounds of direct negotiation between Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin. It temporarily suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and allowed Gandhi to attend the Second Round Table Conference.

Correct Answer: C. Fix the rupee-sterling exchange ratio at 1s. 4d.

One of Gandhi's 11 demands was to fix the rupee-sterling exchange ratio at 1 shilling 4 pence, which would benefit Indian exporters and farmers. The high exchange ratio (1s. 6d.) set by the British made Indian exports expensive and benefited British importers. This economic demand showed the movement's concern with structural colonial exploitation beyond just the salt tax.