Schedules & Sources — Set 1

Correct Answer: C. Australia

• **Australia** = source of the Concurrent List concept; subjects where both Parliament and State Legislatures can make laws. • **Seventh Schedule** — the Concurrent List is List III in the Seventh Schedule; currently has 52 subjects (originally 47), including education, forests, and criminal law. • 💡 Option A (USA) is wrong because the USA contributed Fundamental Rights and Judicial Review; it does not have a Concurrent List — powers are divided between federal and state lists; Option B (Japan) is wrong because Japan contributed 'Procedure established by law' (Article 21); Option D (Canada) is wrong because Canada contributed Federation with a strong Centre and residuary powers at the Centre.

Correct Answer: B. Fourth Schedule

• **Fourth Schedule** = allocates seats in the Rajya Sabha to States and Union Territories, based on population. • **Population-based allocation** — Uttar Pradesh has the highest seats (31); Sikkim and small UTs have 1; total Rajya Sabha strength is 245 (233 elected + 12 nominated by President). • 💡 Option A (Second Schedule) is wrong because it deals with salaries, allowances, and privileges of constitutional functionaries like the President, Governors, and Judges; Option C (Fifth Schedule) is wrong because it deals with administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in certain states; Option D (Third Schedule) is wrong because it contains the forms of Oaths and Affirmations for constitutional functionaries.

Correct Answer: C. Germany (Weimar)

• **Germany (Weimar Constitution)** = source for the provision of suspending Fundamental Rights during Emergency in India. • **Articles 20 & 21 exception** — even during National Emergency (Article 352), these two articles cannot be suspended; the 44th Amendment (1978) made this explicit. • 💡 Option A (USA) is wrong because the USA contributed Fundamental Rights themselves (not their suspension); Option B (Canada) is wrong because Canada contributed Federation with a strong Centre and residuary powers; Option D (USSR) is wrong because the USSR contributed Five Year Plans and inspiration for Fundamental Duties.

Correct Answer: B. Ninth Schedule

• **Ninth Schedule** = added by the First Amendment Act, 1951, to protect land reform laws (Zamindari abolition) from judicial scrutiny. • **Post-1973 laws reviewable** — in the I.R. Coelho case (2007), the Supreme Court ruled that laws added to the Ninth Schedule after April 24, 1973 (Kesavananda Bharati judgment date) are open to judicial review. • 💡 Option A (Eleventh Schedule) is wrong because it was added by the 73rd Amendment (1992) to list 29 subjects for Panchayats; Option C (Twelfth Schedule) is wrong because it was added by the 74th Amendment (1992) to list 18 subjects for Municipalities; Option D (Tenth Schedule) is wrong because it was added by the 52nd Amendment (1985) as the Anti-Defection Law.

Correct Answer: B. Ireland

• **Ireland** = source for Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP); Ireland itself borrowed them from the 1937 Spanish Constitution. • **Non-justiciable** — DPSP (Articles 36–51) cannot be enforced in court but are fundamental in governance; Parliament's power to implement DPSP was given priority over some Fundamental Rights by the 42nd Amendment. • 💡 Option A (France) is wrong because France contributed Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity to the Preamble, not DPSP; Option C (USA) is wrong because the USA contributed Fundamental Rights via its Bill of Rights; Option D (United Kingdom) is wrong because the UK contributed the Parliamentary System, Rule of Law, and Single Citizenship.

Correct Answer: D. Meghalaya

• **Meghalaya** (and Assam, Tripura, Mizoram) = states covered under the Sixth Schedule which provides Autonomous District Councils for tribal areas. • **Sixth Schedule** — gives ADCs legislative, executive, and judicial powers over tribal matters; Nagaland is under Article 371A and Manipur under Article 371C — separate provisions. • 💡 Option A (Arunachal Pradesh) is wrong because Arunachal Pradesh is not among the four Sixth Schedule states; it has its own tribal governance under a different framework; Option B (Nagaland) is wrong because Nagaland has special provisions under Article 371A of the Constitution, not the Sixth Schedule; Option C (Manipur) is wrong because Manipur has special provisions under Article 371C, not the Sixth Schedule.

Correct Answer: C. USSR

• **USSR** = source inspiration for Fundamental Duties; added by the 42nd Amendment Act (1976) on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee. • **Article 51A, Part IV-A** — originally 10 duties; the 86th Amendment (2002) added an 11th duty (provide opportunities for education to children 6–14 years). • 💡 Option A (Germany) is wrong because Germany contributed the suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency; Option B (Japan) is wrong because Japan contributed 'Procedure established by law'; Option D (USA) is wrong because the USA contributed Fundamental Rights (the Bill of Rights), not Fundamental Duties.

Correct Answer: C. President of India

• **President of India** = oath is in Article 60 directly, NOT in the Third Schedule; the President's oath is constitutionally special and separately stated. • **Third Schedule** — contains oath forms for Union Ministers, Members of Parliament, members of State Legislatures, Ministers of State, Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts, and the CAG. • 💡 Option A (Union Ministers) is wrong because Union Ministers' oaths are in the Third Schedule; Option B (Judges of Supreme Court) is wrong because Supreme Court Judges' oaths are also in the Third Schedule; Option D (Members of Parliament) is wrong because MPs' oaths of allegiance are also in the Third Schedule.

Correct Answer: D. USA

• **USA** = source of Judicial Review — the power of courts to declare laws and executive acts unconstitutional. • **Article 13** — in India, Judicial Review is implied through Article 13 which voids laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights; the scope is somewhat narrower than in the USA. • 💡 Option A (UK) is wrong because the UK follows parliamentary sovereignty and does not have strong judicial review of legislation; Option B (Ireland) is wrong because Ireland contributed DPSP; Option C (Canada) is wrong because Canada contributed Federation with a strong Centre and Advisory Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Correct Answer: A. 14

• **14 originally** = Eighth Schedule had 14 languages at the time of Constitution's adoption in 1950; now 22. • **Additions** — Sindhi (1967, 21st Amendment); Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (1992, 71st Amendment); Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (2003, 92nd Amendment). • 💡 Option B (10) is wrong because the Eighth Schedule never started with just 10 languages — it began with 14 in 1950; Option C (22) is wrong because 22 is the current count after all amendments, not the original 1950 count; Option D (18) is wrong because 18 was the count from 1992 to 2003, not the original 1950 count.