Schedules & Sources — Set 4

Correct Answer: B. South Africa

• **South Africa** = source of the method of electing members to the Rajya Sabha (proportional representation by single transferable vote). • **Elected by State Assemblies** — Rajya Sabha members are elected by the elected members of State Legislative Assemblies using proportional representation; this ensures states' representation at the national level. • 💡 Option A (USA) is wrong because in the USA, Senators are directly elected by the public of each state, not by the state legislature; Option C (Australia) is wrong because Australia contributed Concurrent List and Joint Sitting of Parliament; Option D (Ireland) is wrong because Ireland contributed the method of Election of the President and nomination of Rajya Sabha members by the President, not the election method for Rajya Sabha members.

Correct Answer: D. I.R. Coelho case

• **I.R. Coelho case (2007)** = Supreme Court held that laws added to the Ninth Schedule after April 24, 1973 are open to judicial review. • **April 24, 1973** — this is the date of the Kesavananda Bharati judgment which established the 'Basic Structure' doctrine; laws added to the Ninth Schedule after this date cannot claim immunity from judicial review if they violate the basic structure. • 💡 Option A (Golaknath case) is wrong because the Golaknath case (1967) held that Parliament cannot amend Fundamental Rights — it did not deal with the Ninth Schedule specifically; Option B (Kesavananda Bharati case) is wrong because that 1973 case established the Basic Structure doctrine, not the Ninth Schedule judicial review rule directly; Option C (Minerva Mills case) is wrong because the Minerva Mills case (1980) struck down parts of the 42nd Amendment that gave Parliament unlimited amending power.

Correct Answer: C. France

• **France** = source for the concept of 'Republic' in the Preamble; a Republic means the head of state is elected (not hereditary). • **Elected head of state** — India's President is the head of state elected (indirectly) by an Electoral College; this contrasts with monarchies like the UK where the head of state is hereditary. • 💡 Option A (USA) is wrong because while the USA is also a Republic, India drew the specific constitutional concept of a 'Republic' from the French constitutional tradition; Option B (UK) is wrong because the UK is a constitutional monarchy with a hereditary head of state, the opposite of a Republic; Option D (USSR) is wrong because the USSR contributed the ideal of 'Justice' (social, economic, political) in the Preamble and the model for Five Year Plans.

Correct Answer: C. Speaker/Chairman of the House

• **Speaker/Chairman of the House** = decides on disqualification of a member under the Tenth Schedule (Anti-Defection Law). • **Subject to judicial review** — the Speaker's or Chairman's decision is final but can be challenged in the High Court or Supreme Court; the Kihoto Hollohan case (1992) confirmed this. • 💡 Option A (Election Commission) is wrong because the Election Commission handles disqualifications under Articles 102(1) and 191(1) — not defection-based disqualifications under the Tenth Schedule; Option B (President of India) is wrong because the President acts on the advice of the Election Commission in some disqualification matters, not Tenth Schedule cases; Option D (Supreme Court) is wrong because the Supreme Court can review the Speaker's decision but does not make the initial decision on Tenth Schedule disqualification.

Correct Answer: C. Canada

• **Canada** = source of the 'Advisory Jurisdiction' of the Supreme Court of India (Article 143). • **Article 143** — the President can refer questions of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court for its opinion; the opinion is not binding on the President. • 💡 Option A (USA) is wrong because the USA contributed Judicial Review (power to strike down laws), not Advisory Jurisdiction; Option B (UK) is wrong because the UK contributed Parliamentary System, Rule of Law, and Single Citizenship; Option D (Australia) is wrong because Australia contributed the Concurrent List and Joint Sitting of Parliament.

Correct Answer: C. Third Schedule

• **Third Schedule** = contains forms of Oaths and Affirmations for various constitutional functionaries. • **Who takes oaths from Third Schedule** — Union and State Ministers, MPs, MLAs, Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts, and the CAG; the President, Vice-President, and Governors take oaths from separate Articles (60, 69, 159). • 💡 Option A (Fourth Schedule) is wrong because the Fourth Schedule allocates seats in the Rajya Sabha to States and Union Territories; Option B (Fifth Schedule) is wrong because the Fifth Schedule deals with the administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes; Option D (Second Schedule) is wrong because the Second Schedule deals with salaries, allowances, and privileges of the President, Governors, Judges, and the CAG.

Correct Answer: D. UK

• **UK** = source of the 'Cabinet System' of government; India follows the Westminster model of parliamentary democracy. • **Collective responsibility** — the Cabinet is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (Article 75); if a no-confidence motion passes, the entire Cabinet must resign together. • 💡 Option A (Japan) is wrong because Japan contributed 'Procedure established by law' for Article 21, not the Cabinet System; Option B (USA) is wrong because the USA follows a Presidential system where the Cabinet is not collectively responsible to the legislature — the President can retain ministers even if Congress disapproves; Option C (France) is wrong because France has a semi-presidential system, not a pure Cabinet/Westminster model.

Correct Answer: C. 92nd Amendment

• **92nd Amendment Act, 2003** = added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali to the Eighth Schedule, raising the total from 18 to 22 languages. • **Santhali is unique** — it is the only tribal language from the Munda linguistic group included in the Eighth Schedule; Maithili is spoken in Bihar and parts of Nepal. • 💡 Option A (96th Amendment) is wrong because the 96th Amendment (2011) substituted 'Odia' for 'Oriya' in the Eighth Schedule — it did not add these four languages; Option B (21st Amendment) is wrong because the 21st Amendment (1967) added only Sindhi; Option D (71st Amendment) is wrong because the 71st Amendment (1992) added Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali — not these four.

Correct Answer: D. Russian Revolution (USSR)

• **Russian Revolution (USSR)** = inspiration for the ideal of 'Justice' (social, economic, and political) in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. • **Three types of Justice** — Social (no discrimination), Economic (equal opportunity in livelihood), and Political (equal political rights and participation); all three are promised in the Preamble. • 💡 Option A (American Revolution) is wrong because the American Revolution influenced the concept of Fundamental Rights via the Bill of Rights, not the Preamble's ideal of Justice; Option B (Chinese Revolution) is wrong because China had no documented influence on the Indian Constitution's Preamble ideals; Option C (French Revolution) is wrong because the French Revolution contributed Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity — not Justice.

Correct Answer: C. 73rd Amendment

• **73rd Amendment Act, 1992** = added the Eleventh Schedule with 29 functional subjects; gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions. • **Three pillars** — the 73rd Amendment also mandated State Election Commissions, State Finance Commissions, and regular elections every 5 years for Gram Panchayats, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad. • 💡 Option A (42nd Amendment) is wrong because the 42nd Amendment (1976) added Fundamental Duties and modified the Preamble — it did not create the Eleventh Schedule; Option B (61st Amendment) is wrong because the 61st Amendment (1988) reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years; Option D (74th Amendment) is wrong because the 74th Amendment (1992) added the Twelfth Schedule for Municipalities, not the Eleventh Schedule for Panchayats.