Schedules & Sources — Set 3

Correct Answer: C. Japan

• **Japan** = source country for the 'Procedure Established by Law' concept used in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. • **Article 21** — states no person shall be deprived of life or liberty except according to 'procedure established by law'; this means a validly enacted law justifies deprivation, unlike the US's broader 'due process'. • 💡 Option A (USA) is wrong because the USA uses 'Due process of law' which is broader and includes substantive fairness, not 'Procedure established by law'; Option B (UK) is wrong because UK contributed Parliamentary System and Single Citizenship; Option D (France) is wrong because France contributed Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble, not procedural law concepts.

Correct Answer: D. First Schedule

• **First Schedule** = lists the names of all States and Union Territories of India along with their territorial extent. • **28 States, 8 UTs** — currently there are 28 States and 8 Union Territories; the First Schedule is amended every time a new state is formed or reorganised (e.g., Telangana in 2014, J&K bifurcation in 2019). • 💡 Option A (Second Schedule) is wrong because the Second Schedule deals with salaries and emoluments of the President, Governors, and Judges, not territorial names; Option B (Third Schedule) is wrong because the Third Schedule contains forms of Oaths and Affirmations; Option C (Fourth Schedule) is wrong because the Fourth Schedule allocates seats to States and UTs in the Rajya Sabha.

Correct Answer: A. United Kingdom

• **United Kingdom** = source of 'Single Citizenship' concept in India; every Indian is a citizen of India only, not of any state. • **No dual citizenship** — unlike the USA where citizens hold both federal and state citizenship, India has one citizenship under Articles 5–11 (Part II); rights are uniform across the country. • 💡 Option B (Australia) is wrong because Australia contributed the Concurrent List and Joint Sitting of Parliament, not Single Citizenship; Option C (USA) is wrong because the USA has dual citizenship (federal + state), which is the opposite of India's single-citizenship model; Option D (Canada) is wrong because Canada contributed Federation with a strong Centre and residuary powers at the Centre, not Single Citizenship.

Correct Answer: C. 74th Amendment

• **74th Amendment Act, 1992** = added the Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution, listing 18 subjects for Municipalities (Urban Local Bodies). • **18 functional items** — includes urban planning, regulation of land use, public health, slum improvement, and urban poverty alleviation; the 74th Amendment also mandated elections every 5 years. • 💡 Option A (69th Amendment) is wrong because the 69th Amendment gave Delhi (NCT) its special status as a Union Territory with a legislature; Option B (42nd Amendment) is wrong because the 42nd Amendment (1976) added Fundamental Duties and is called the 'Mini Constitution'; Option D (73rd Amendment) is wrong because the 73rd Amendment added the Eleventh Schedule for Panchayati Raj Institutions, not Municipalities.

Correct Answer: C. USA

• **USA** = source of the 'Impeachment of the President' method; adopted into India's Article 61. • **Article 61** — the President can be impeached only for 'violation of the Constitution'; the process is quasi-judicial; both Houses must pass the charge by a special majority of two-thirds of total membership. • 💡 Option A (UK) is wrong because the UK does not have a formal presidential impeachment procedure — its Head of State (monarch) is not elected; Option B (Germany) is wrong because Germany contributed the suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency, not impeachment; Option D (France) is wrong because France contributed the concept of 'Republic' and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.

Correct Answer: C. 42nd Amendment

• **42nd Amendment Act, 1976** = transferred 'Education' from the State List to the Concurrent List, allowing both Centre and States to legislate on it. • **Five subjects transferred** — along with Education, the 42nd Amendment also moved Forests, Weights and Measures, Protection of Wild Animals, and Administration of Justice from the State List to the Concurrent List. • 💡 Option A (73rd Amendment) is wrong because the 73rd Amendment (1992) added the Eleventh Schedule for Panchayati Raj, not transfer of subjects; Option B (24th Amendment) is wrong because the 24th Amendment (1971) amended Article 13 and 368 to give Parliament the power to amend Fundamental Rights; Option D (44th Amendment) is wrong because the 44th Amendment (1978) removed the Right to Property from Fundamental Rights and made Article 20 and 21 non-suspendable during Emergency.

Correct Answer: C. Government of India Act, 1935

• **Government of India Act, 1935** = source for the 'Office of Governor'; the institution itself (with executive powers over a province) was established by this Act. • **Distinction to note** — the *office* of Governor comes from the GOI Act 1935; but the *appointment of Governors by the Centre* is borrowed from Canada; both facts coexist and are tested separately. • 💡 Option A (Constitution of USA) is wrong because in the USA, state Governors are directly elected by the people, not appointed by the federal government; Option B (Constitution of Canada) is wrong because Canada contributed the method of *appointing* Governors by the Centre, not the *office* itself; Option D (Constitution of UK) is wrong because the UK contributed the Parliamentary System, Rule of Law, and Single Citizenship.

Correct Answer: C. 21st Amendment

• **21st Amendment Act, 1967** = added Sindhi to the Eighth Schedule; Sindhi was the 15th language in the Eighth Schedule at that point. • **Addition timeline** — original 14 (1950) → +Sindhi = 15 (21st Amendment, 1967) → +Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali = 18 (71st Amendment, 1992) → +Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali = 22 (92nd Amendment, 2003). • 💡 Option A (1st Amendment) is wrong because the 1st Amendment (1951) added the Ninth Schedule to protect land reform laws, not any language to the Eighth Schedule; Option B (71st Amendment) is wrong because the 71st Amendment (1992) added Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali — not Sindhi; Option D (92nd Amendment) is wrong because the 92nd Amendment (2003) added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali — not Sindhi.

Correct Answer: C. British Constitution

• **British Constitution** = source of the 'Rule of Law' principle in India; conceptualized by A.V. Dicey in his work on the British constitution. • **Three pillars** — Rule of Law means: (1) supremacy of law over arbitrary power, (2) equality before law — no one above the law, and (3) legal decisions by ordinary courts rather than special tribunals. • 💡 Option A (American Constitution) is wrong because the USA contributed Judicial Review, Fundamental Rights, and Impeachment — not Rule of Law as a constitutional concept; Option B (French Constitution) is wrong because France contributed Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, and the concept of Republic; Option D (Japanese Constitution) is wrong because Japan contributed 'Procedure established by law' under Article 21.

Correct Answer: A. Manipur

• **Manipur** = NOT covered under the Sixth Schedule; Manipur has special provisions under Article 371C, which is separate. • **Sixth Schedule states = AMTM** — only Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram are under the Sixth Schedule; it provides for Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) in tribal areas. • 💡 Option B (Meghalaya) is wrong because Meghalaya is one of the four states explicitly covered under the Sixth Schedule; Option C (Tripura) is wrong because Tripura is also covered under the Sixth Schedule for tribal administration; Option D (Assam) is wrong because Assam is one of the original states covered under the Sixth Schedule.