Schedules & Sources — Set 6

Correct Answer: A. USA

• **USA** = source of 'Fundamental Rights' (Part III, Articles 12–35); India adopted them from the US Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments to the US Constitution). • **Justiciable rights** — these rights can be enforced in court; Article 32 (Supreme Court) and Article 226 (High Courts) allow citizens to approach courts directly for violation of Fundamental Rights. • 💡 Option B (Ireland) is wrong because Ireland contributed Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in Part IV, not Fundamental Rights; Option C (UK) is wrong because the UK does not have a codified bill of rights — it contributed Parliamentary System, Rule of Law, and Parliamentary Privileges; Option D (Canada) is wrong because Canada contributed Federation with a strong Centre, Advisory Jurisdiction, and appointment of Governors.

Correct Answer: A. Anti-Defection Law

• **Anti-Defection Law** = popular name for the Tenth Schedule; added by the 52nd Amendment Act, 1985 to prevent lawmakers from switching parties for personal gain. • **Grounds for disqualification** — (1) voluntarily giving up party membership, and (2) voting against party direction without prior approval; exception: if 2/3rd of party merges with another party, no disqualification. • 💡 Option B (Municipal Act) is wrong because Municipal governance is governed by the Twelfth Schedule (added by 74th Amendment, 1992), not the Tenth Schedule; Option C (Panchayati Raj Act) is wrong because Panchayati Raj is covered under the Eleventh Schedule (added by 73rd Amendment, 1992); Option D (Land Reform Act) is wrong because land reform laws were protected under the Ninth Schedule (added by 1st Amendment, 1951).

Correct Answer: D. British Model

• **British Model** = India's Parliamentary System is based on the Westminster (British) model; nominal executive (President) + real executive (Prime Minister and Cabinet). • **Key features from UK** — collective responsibility of Cabinet to Lok Sabha; Prime Minister as head of government; dissolution of Lok Sabha on advice of PM; Question Hour and motion procedures. • 💡 Option A (French Model) is wrong because France has a semi-presidential system where both the President and Prime Minister hold substantial powers — India did not adopt this dual executive model; Option B (American Model) is wrong because the USA follows a Presidential System where the executive (President) is independent of the legislature and not responsible to Congress; Option C (Swiss Model) is wrong because Switzerland has a unique collegial executive (Federal Council of 7 members) — this model was not adopted by India.

Correct Answer: A. 22

• **22 languages** = current count in the Eighth Schedule; last addition was in 2003 (Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali via 92nd Amendment). • **English NOT in Eighth Schedule** — English is an official language of India under Article 343 but is NOT listed in the Eighth Schedule; all 22 scheduled languages are Indian regional languages. • 💡 Option B (18) is wrong because 18 was the count from 1992 to 2003 after the 71st Amendment added three languages; Option C (14) is wrong because 14 was the original count at the time of Constitution adoption in 1950 — not the current count; Option D (24) is wrong because 24 is not the current or any historical count of Eighth Schedule languages — it is a trap option.

Correct Answer: B. Government of India Act, 1935

• **Government of India Act, 1935** = main source for the 'Federal Scheme' and the office of Governor; it provided the structural blueprint for India's governance. • **75% reproduction** — Dr. B.R. Ambedkar acknowledged that a large part of the Constitution (approximately 75%) is drawn from the 1935 Act; it included federalism, emergency provisions, the office of Governor, and the Public Service Commissions. • 💡 Option A (British Constitution) is wrong because the British Constitution contributed Parliamentary System, Rule of Law, Single Citizenship, and Parliamentary Privileges — not the detailed federal scheme; Option C (Canadian Constitution) is wrong because Canada contributed strong-Centre federation and appointment of Governors, but the structural blueprint of Indian federalism is from the 1935 Act; Option D (US Constitution) is wrong because the USA contributed Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Impeachment — the US model has residuary powers with states, opposite of India's model.

Correct Answer: A. Seventh Schedule

• **Seventh Schedule** = divides legislative powers between the Union and States through three lists: Union List (I), State List (II), and Concurrent List (III). • **Centre wins conflicts** — if there is a conflict between Centre and State laws on a Concurrent List subject, the Central law prevails (Article 254); residuary powers also vest with the Centre. • 💡 Option B (Ninth Schedule) is wrong because the Ninth Schedule protects certain laws from judicial review — it does not divide legislative powers; Option C (Fifth Schedule) is wrong because the Fifth Schedule deals with administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes, not legislative power distribution; Option D (Tenth Schedule) is wrong because the Tenth Schedule is the Anti-Defection Law schedule — it deals with disqualification of legislators, not power distribution.

Correct Answer: B. Ireland

• **Ireland** = source of the 'Election of the President' method; India uses an electoral college with proportional representation by single transferable vote. • **Electoral College** — consists of elected members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies (MLAs); nominated members and MLCs do not participate; value of votes is calculated based on population. • 💡 Option A (France) is wrong because France contributed the concept of Republic and ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity — the French President is directly elected by citizens, not by an electoral college; Option C (USA) is wrong because the US President is elected through an Electoral College of state-appointed electors, a different system from India's; Option D (Germany) is wrong because Germany contributed suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency, not the election method for the head of state.

Correct Answer: B. Eleventh Schedule

• **Eleventh Schedule** = contains provisions for Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs); added by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992. • **29 subjects** — includes agriculture, primary education, minor irrigation, social forestry, public health, and women and child development; PRIs can legislate on these with state government approval. • 💡 Option A (Ninth Schedule) is wrong because the Ninth Schedule protects laws from judicial review — it contains land reform laws, not Panchayati Raj provisions; Option C (Twelfth Schedule) is wrong because the Twelfth Schedule deals with Municipalities (Urban Local Bodies), not Panchayats; Option D (Tenth Schedule) is wrong because the Tenth Schedule is the Anti-Defection Law, dealing with disqualification of legislators.

Correct Answer: A. Government of India Act, 1935

• **Government of India Act, 1935** = source for the detailed 'Emergency Provisions' (administrative apparatus) in the Indian Constitution. • **Dual-source emergency** — the GOI Act 1935 provided the administrative machinery; the *suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency* was separately borrowed from Germany's Weimar Constitution. • 💡 Option B (Canada) is wrong because Canada contributed Federation with strong Centre, residuary powers, and appointment of Governors — not emergency provisions; Option C (USA) is wrong because the USA contributed Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, and Impeachment; Option D (Germany) is wrong for this question because Germany contributed the suspension of Fundamental Rights *during* emergency, which is a different feature from the general emergency provisions structure.

Correct Answer: A. First Schedule

• **First Schedule** = lists the names of all States (28) and Union Territories (8) of India, defining the territory of the Indian Union. • **Amendment required** — whenever a new state is created (e.g., Telangana in 2014) or a UT is reorganised (e.g., J&K bifurcation into J&K UT + Ladakh UT in 2019), the First Schedule must be amended. • 💡 Option B (Second Schedule) is wrong because the Second Schedule deals with salaries, allowances, and privileges of the President, Governors, and Judges — not territorial names; Option C (Fourth Schedule) is wrong because the Fourth Schedule allocates seats in the Rajya Sabha to States and UTs based on population; Option D (Third Schedule) is wrong because the Third Schedule contains the forms of Oaths and Affirmations for constitutional functionaries.