Land Measurement (Bigha, Acre) — Set 12

Correct Answer: A. Land revenue or tax collected by zamindars from cultivators

Lagan is a term for land revenue or tax collected in the zamindari system from cultivators. The zamindar collected Lagan from the actual cultivators and paid a fixed revenue to the British government. The rate of Lagan varied with the quality and fertility of land. Disputes over Lagan payments were frequent and led to the development of tenancy protection laws.

Correct Answer: A. Written records and documentation in revenue administration

Tehriri refers to written records and documentation in revenue administration. In land records, Tehriri denotes the textual or written records as distinct from the graphical or map-based records. The Tehriri records include the Khasra, Khatauni, Jamabandi, and other written registers. Modernization of revenue records involves digitizing both Tehriri (textual) and Naqsha (map) records.

Correct Answer: A. A register of all village-level land including common and government land

Gram Bhoomi village land record is a comprehensive register maintained at the village level that documents all land in the revenue village including agricultural land, common land (Shamilat), government land (Sarkari Raqba), and uncultivated wasteland. It forms the basis for all land administration activities in the village. The Gram Bhoomi record is maintained by the Patwari and periodically verified by revenue officials.

Correct Answer: A. An authenticated extract of land rights provided to the landowner

Fard Jamabandi in Punjab land records is an authenticated copy or extract of the Jamabandi provided to the landowner on request. It serves as official proof of land ownership and can be used in courts, banks, and government offices. The Fard Jamabandi is issued by the Patwari after authentication by the Revenue Inspector. It is one of the most important documents in land transactions in Punjab.

Correct Answer: A. Personal cultivation by the landowner using hired labourers

Seer Kasht refers to land that is cultivated personally by the landowner using their own hired labour rather than through tenant farmers. This is distinct from Khud Kasht where the owner personally cultivates and Batai where cultivation is done by share-croppers. In land reform legislation, Seer Kasht land was treated similarly to Khud Kasht and the owner could resume it from tenants with appropriate compensation.

Correct Answer: A. An account or register entry relating to a specific landowners holdings

Khata in land records refers to an account entry in the Khatauni for a specific landowner. Each Khata has a unique number and lists all the plots with Khasra numbers that a particular owner holds. The Khata provides a consolidated view of all land parcels belonging to one owner in a village. Farmers use their Khata number to access their land records online.

Correct Answer: A. Government land in urban areas originally from colonial administration

Nazul land refers to urban land that was taken over by the government originally from colonial times and is managed by state governments. This land was typically government property during British rule and was transferred to state governments after independence. Nazul land is leased out to individuals and institutions for residential, commercial, or institutional purposes. It cannot be permanently sold as it remains government property.

Correct Answer: A. An allowance or remission given to farmers in case of crop failure

Bhatta in land revenue context refers to an allowance or agricultural remission granted to farmers when their crops fail due to drought, floods, or other natural calamities. The government reduces or waives the land revenue demand for that season. The Patwari assesses the crop damage and the Tehsildar recommends the Bhatta. This system provides relief to cultivators during times of agricultural distress.

Correct Answer: A. Allowance paid to zamindars for land management services

Malikana was an allowance paid to zamindars and intermediaries for managing land revenue collection after the abolition of the zamindari system in some areas. When zamindars were removed as revenue intermediaries, they were given a Malikana as compensation for losing their revenue rights. This was a transitional arrangement before the complete abolition of zamindari. The concept was also used in earlier periods when zamindars served as revenue farmers.

Correct Answer: A. A village-level register recording all land transfers and mutations

Rasad Deh is a village-level register that records all land mutations, transfers, and changes in ownership occurring in the revenue village. It provides a chronological record of all changes to land ownership in the village. The Patwari maintains this register and it is reviewed by the Kanungo during periodic inspections. The Rasad Deh helps in tracking the history of ownership changes for any given plot.