Sendai & Hyogo Framework — Set 6

Correct Answer: C. 2015–2030

The Sendai Framework's overarching goal is the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods, health, and economic, physical, social, cultural, and environmental assets over the period 2015–2030. This 15-year timeframe was chosen to align with other major international agreements adopted around the same time, particularly the SDGs. The framework aims to prevent new disaster risk and reduce existing risk.

Correct Answer: B. Socioeconomic, governance, and environmental factors that drive disaster risk

Underlying risk factors are the socioeconomic, governance, and environmental conditions that drive disaster risk — such as poverty, poor urban governance, environmental degradation, and climate change. The Hyogo Framework specifically called for reducing underlying risk factors as one of its five priorities. Addressing root causes of vulnerability, not just the hazards themselves, is essential for sustainable disaster risk reduction.

Correct Answer: B. The situation of people, infrastructure, and assets located in hazard-prone areas

In disaster risk terminology, 'exposure' refers to the situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities, and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas. High exposure combined with high vulnerability and a hazardous event creates disaster risk. Reducing exposure — for example through flood plain zoning that prevents construction in flood-prone areas — is a key disaster risk reduction strategy.

Correct Answer: C. Target G

Target G of the Sendai Framework specifically aims to 'Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030.' Early warning systems are among the most cost-effective disaster risk reduction tools, providing people with time to evacuate or take protective action. India's investment in cyclone, tsunami, and flood early warning systems contributes to achieving this target.

Correct Answer: B. Infrastructure for Resilient Island States (IRIS)

India launched the Infrastructure for Resilient Island States (IRIS) initiative under the CDRI to specifically address the disaster and climate risks facing Small Island Developing States (SIDS). IRIS focuses on helping small island nations develop disaster-resilient and climate-resilient infrastructure. This initiative reflects India's commitment to supporting the most vulnerable countries in building resilience under the Sendai Framework.

Correct Answer: A. Resolution 69/283

The Sendai Framework was formally endorsed by the UN General Assembly through Resolution 69/283 in June 2015. This resolution gave the framework its formal UN status and called upon all member states to implement its priorities. The UNGA endorsement was important in elevating the Sendai Framework as the globally accepted instrument for disaster risk reduction for 2015–2030.

Correct Answer: B. The system of institutions, mechanisms, and capacities that guide disaster risk management

Disaster risk governance refers to the system of institutions, mechanisms, policies, legal frameworks, and capacities that collectively guide and coordinate efforts to manage disaster risk at all levels from national to local. Good disaster risk governance ensures clear responsibility, accountability, resource allocation, and coordination for disaster risk reduction. The Sendai Framework's second priority calls for strengthening governance across all levels.

Correct Answer: C. Sendai Framework 2015

The Sendai Framework 2015 most comprehensively linked disaster risk reduction to climate change adaptation by explicitly recognizing that climate change drives disaster risk and calling for joint approaches to address both. While earlier frameworks acknowledged environmental factors, the Sendai Framework's explicit integration with the Paris Agreement represents the strongest linkage. This connection reflects growing scientific evidence of climate change's role in amplifying hazard intensity and frequency.

Correct Answer: B. Financial mechanisms such as insurance that shift the cost of disaster losses from individuals to broader systems

Disaster risk transfer refers to financial mechanisms — including insurance, reinsurance, and catastrophe bonds — that shift the financial burden of disaster losses from individuals, businesses, or governments to broader financial systems. Risk transfer instruments like the National Agriculture Insurance Scheme and Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana are examples in India. The Sendai Framework encourages developing risk transfer mechanisms as part of a comprehensive risk management approach.

Correct Answer: B. Poverty, inequality, climate change, unplanned urbanisation, and environmental degradation

The Sendai Framework identifies poverty and inequality, unplanned urbanisation, lack of risk-informed development, weak governance, environmental degradation, and climate change as the main drivers of increased disaster risk globally. Disaster risk is not simply a product of natural hazards but is socially constructed through decisions about where and how people live and work. Addressing these underlying drivers requires mainstreaming DRR across all sectors of development.