Sendai & Hyogo Framework — Set 9

Correct Answer: B. Disaster Management Act 2005

India's National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was established under the Disaster Management Act 2005, which was enacted in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The Act provided a comprehensive legal framework for disaster management in India, creating NDMA at the national level, SDMAs at the state level, and DDMAs at the district level. The Prime Minister of India chairs the NDMA.

Correct Answer: B. Avoiding the creation of new disaster risks through development planning

Prospective risk management involves avoiding the creation of new disaster risks through risk-informed development planning, building codes, land-use regulation, and environmental management. In contrast, corrective risk management addresses existing risks. The Sendai Framework calls for both prospective and corrective risk management to reduce overall disaster risk. Prospective management is considered most cost-effective as it prevents risk from being created in the first place.

Correct Answer: B. Private Sector Alliance for Disaster Resilient Societies

ARISE stands for the Private Sector Alliance for Disaster Resilient Societies, a global network of business organizations convened by UNDRR to engage the private sector in implementing the Sendai Framework. ARISE members promote business investment in resilient infrastructure, business continuity planning, and community disaster preparedness. The network demonstrates that disaster resilient business practices are also good for long-term economic performance.

Correct Answer: B. India provided assistance to other affected countries like Sri Lanka and Maldives despite being affected itself

India, despite being severely affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami with over 10,000 deaths primarily in Tamil Nadu, deployed naval vessels and provided immediate assistance to other affected countries including Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Indonesia. India declined international assistance, stating it had the capacity to handle the disaster itself. This response demonstrated India's growing capacity for international disaster relief and influenced India's development of the NDMA and NDRF systems.

Correct Answer: B. Irreversible harm from climate change impacts beyond what adaptation can address, including disaster losses

In climate change negotiations, 'loss and damage' refers to irreversible harm caused by climate change impacts — including extreme weather events — that goes beyond what adaptation can address. This concept is particularly important for small island nations and vulnerable countries facing existential climate threats. The Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage was established in 2013 to address these impacts, closely linking climate policy with disaster risk reduction.

Correct Answer: B. Measurable targets create accountability and enable tracking of progress and policy adjustment

The seven global targets of the Sendai Framework being measurable and time-bound (to be achieved by 2030) creates accountability for governments and enables systematic tracking of progress through the Sendai Monitor. This was a major improvement over the Hyogo Framework, which had strategic goals but lacked specific measurable targets. Measurability allows for evidence-based policy adjustment and comparison of progress across countries.

Correct Answer: B. Switzerland (Geneva)

The first Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction was hosted in Geneva, Switzerland, in 2007. The Global Platform is a biennial multi-stakeholder forum convened by UNDRR for reviewing progress, sharing experience, and guiding implementation of international disaster risk reduction agreements. Subsequent Global Platforms have been held biennially in Geneva, continuing to serve as the principal global forum for DRR.

Correct Answer: B. Addressing existing disaster risks in development and infrastructure through retrofitting and risk reduction

Corrective risk management involves addressing existing disaster risks in current systems, infrastructure, and communities through measures such as retrofitting buildings, improving drainage, and relocating people from high-risk areas. This contrasts with prospective risk management, which prevents new risks from being created. The Sendai Framework calls for both corrective and prospective approaches to comprehensively reduce disaster risk.

Correct Answer: B. Local governments are key implementers with DRR responsibility at the local level

The Sendai Framework explicitly recognizes local governments as key implementers of disaster risk reduction, noting that most disaster risk management actions take place at the local level. Target E specifically aims to increase the number of countries with local DRR strategies, reflecting the importance of sub-national implementation. Local governments are best positioned to understand local hazards, vulnerabilities, and community needs.

Correct Answer: B. 1995 Great Hanshin (Kobe) Earthquake

The 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake (also known as the Kobe Earthquake) inspired the choice of Kobe as the location for the 2005 World Conference on Disaster Reduction where the Hyogo Framework was adopted. The Kobe earthquake killed approximately 6,400 people and caused massive destruction to the city. Choosing Kobe was symbolically significant as a demonstration of disaster recovery and resilience.