Gandhian Era — Set 1
Indian History · गांधी युग · Questions 1–10 of 170
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in which year?
Correct Answer: D. 1915
• Gandhi returned to India from South Africa on **9 January 1915** after 21 years. • **Pravasi Bharatiya Divas** is celebrated on Jan 9 to honour overseas Indians' contribution. • He first stayed at Gokhale's Servants of India Society; founded Sabarmati Ashram in **1917**. • 💡 **1913** = wrong, too early; **1919** = Rowlatt/Jallianwala year; **1917** = Champaran Satyagraha year.
Who is considered the 'Political Guru' of Mahatma Gandhi?
Correct Answer: C. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
• **Gopal Krishna Gokhale** = Gandhi's political guru; advised him to tour India before politics. • Gokhale founded **Servants of India Society** (1905) for national service. • Gokhale's guru was **M.G. Ranade**; Gandhi called Gokhale 'my political guru' in writing. • 💡 Tilak = extremist, not Gandhi's guru; Lajpat Rai = Punjab leader; Naoroji = Grand Old Man.
Which was the first Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi in India?
Correct Answer: A. Champaran Satyagraha
• **Champaran Satyagraha (1917)** = Gandhi's first Satyagraha in India, Bihar indigo farmers. • **Raj Kumar Shukla** persuaded Gandhi to visit; Tinkathia system forced 3/20 indigo cultivation. • Result: Champaran Agrarian Act **1918** abolished Tinkathia; Gandhi got title 'Mahatma' here. • 💡 Kheda = 2nd Satyagraha (**1918**); Ahmedabad Mill Strike = 3rd (**1918**); Rowlatt = **1919**, national level.
The 'Tinkathia System' in Champaran was related to the cultivation of:
Correct Answer: C. Indigo
• **Tinkathia system** = farmers forced to grow **indigo** on 3/20th of their land for European planters. • **3/20** = 'Teen Katha' per bigha; deeply exploitative as indigo prices fell after synthetic dyes. • Gandhi's Champaran inquiry led to **Champaran Agrarian Act 1918** abolishing the system. • 💡 Cotton = wrong crop; Opium = Bengal/Bihar issue but not Tinkathia; Jute = Bengal, not Champaran.
Who among the following was a key leader associated with the Kheda Satyagraha alongside Gandhi?
Correct Answer: B. Vallabhbhai Patel
• **Vallabhbhai Patel** joined Gandhi in **Kheda Satyagraha (1918)**, Gujarat, against unfair tax. • Kheda peasants demanded tax waiver during famine; Patel left his legal career to organise them. • Later, **Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)** earned him the title **'Sardar'** from Bardoli women. • 💡 Bose = INA leader, not Kheda; Maulana Azad = Congress president; Nehru = UP leader, not Gujarat.
The Ahmedabad Mill Strike of 1918 was primarily fought over which issue?
Correct Answer: B. Plague Bonus
• **Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)** = fought over **Plague Bonus** withdrawal by mill owners. • Gandhi's **first hunger strike** in India; arbitration gave workers **35% wage hike**. • Mill owner Ambalal Sarabhai's sister **Anasuya Sarabhai** supported the striking workers. • 💡 Working hours = not the issue; Union Recognition = later demand; Land Tax = Kheda issue, not mills.
The Rowlatt Act was passed in which year?
Correct Answer: A. 1919
• **Rowlatt Act (March 1919)** = allowed imprisonment without trial; called the **'Black Act'**. • Based on **Sedition Committee** report by Sir Sydney Rowlatt; opposed by all Indian members. • Gandhi called for a **hartal on April 6, 1919**; Jallianwala Bagh massacre followed on April 13. • 💡 **1920** = Non-Cooperation launch year; **1918** = WWI end/Kheda; **1917** = Champaran Satyagraha.
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on which date?
Correct Answer: A. April 13, 1919
• **Jallianwala Bagh massacre** = **13 April 1919**, Baisakhi day, Amritsar, General Dyer ordered firing. • **379 killed** (official) — actual may be 1000+; 1650 rounds fired in 10 minutes on unarmed crowd. • Hunter Commission investigated; Dyer censured but not punished; Tagore returned his Knighthood. • 💡 April 19 = wrong date; April 6 = Rowlatt hartal; April 10 = arrest of local leaders Dr. Satyapal & Kitchlew.
Who renounced his Knighthood in protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?
Correct Answer: B. Rabindranath Tagore
• **Rabindranath Tagore** renounced his **Knighthood** protesting Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919). • He wrote to Viceroy **Lord Chelmsford**: 'the time has come.to sever all special ties'. • Gandhi returned his **Kaiser-i-Hind gold medal** at the same time; called it a 'worthless gift'. • 💡 Gandhi = returned medal, not Knighthood; Surendranath Banerjee = moderate, didn't resign title; Naoroji = died **1917**.
The Khilafat Movement was launched to protest the treatment of which empire after World War I?
Correct Answer: D. Ottoman Empire
• **Khilafat Movement** = launched to protect the **Caliph of Ottoman Empire (Turkey)** post-WWI. • **Ali Brothers** (Muhammad Ali & Shaukat Ali) led it; Gandhi merged it with Non-Cooperation 1920. • Treaty of Sèvres (1920) dismembered Turkey; Khilafat ended when **Turkey abolished Caliphate (1924)**. • 💡 Russian Empire = WWI loser, no Caliphate; Austro-Hungarian = no Caliph; German = Protestant, no Caliph.