Gandhian Era — Set 6

Correct Answer: B. Act of 1919

• **Dyarchy** (dual rule) in provinces introduced by **Government of India Act 1919** (Montagu-Chelmsford). • Subjects split: **'Reserved'** (Governor — defence, finance, law) and **'Transferred'** (ministers — education, health). • Dyarchy was abolished by **Act of 1935** which gave full Provincial Autonomy. • 💡 Act of **1935** = abolished Dyarchy; Act of **1909** = Morley-Minto, separate electorates; Act of **1892** = expanded councils only.

Correct Answer: A. Mahatma Gandhi

• **All India Harijan Sevak Sangh** founded by **Gandhi in 1932** for Dalit welfare and temple entry. • Gandhi coined the term **'Harijan'** (Children of God) for Dalits; published weekly journal 'Harijan'. • Organisation worked to abolish untouchability, open temples and wells for all castes. • 💡 Jyotiba Phule = founded Satyashodhak Samaj **1873**; Ambedkar = founded Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha; Periyar = Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu.

Correct Answer: A. Vallabhbhai Patel

• **Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)** = no-tax movement led by **Vallabhbhai Patel** in Gujarat against unjust tax hike. • Government had raised taxes by **22%** during a famine; Patel organised complete non-payment. • Success led women of Bardoli to give Patel the title **'Sardar'** (Leader/Chief). • 💡 Gandhi = overall guide but Patel led it; Morarji Desai = later CM of Gujarat; Vinoba Bhave = Bhoodan movement leader.

Correct Answer: C. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt

• **Bhagat Singh & Batukeshwar Dutt** threw smoke bombs in Central Legislative Assembly on **April 8, 1929**. • Motive: **'To make the deaf hear'** — protest against Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill. • They surrendered peacefully, got arrested; Bhagat Singh used trial as a platform for propaganda. • 💡 Ram Prasad Bismil = Kakori train robbery **1925**; Chandrashekhar Azad = escaped police, never arrested; Rajguru-Sukhdev = executed with Bhagat Singh but not in Assembly incident.

Correct Answer: B. 1931

• **Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev & Rajguru** hanged on **March 23, 1931** at Lahore Central Jail. • Convicted in **Lahore Conspiracy Case** — killing of British officer Saunders to avenge Lala Lajpat Rai. • **March 23 = Shaheed Diwas** (Martyrs' Day); they shouted 'Inquilab Zindabad' before execution. • 💡 **1929** = Assembly bomb case; **1932** = Poona Pact; **1930** = Civil Disobedience; **1931** is the execution year.

Correct Answer: A. Subhash Chandra Bose

• **Subhash Chandra Bose** founded the **Forward Bloc in 1939** after resigning as Congress President. • Resigned due to non-cooperation of **Gandhi wing** in Working Committee ('Tripuri Crisis'). • Forward Bloc aimed to consolidate left-wing and radical elements of the national movement. • 💡 M.N. Roy = founded Communist Party of India; Acharya Narendra Dev = founded Congress Socialist Party; C.R. Das = founded Swaraj Party (died **1925**).

Correct Answer: D. Motilal Nehru

• **Nehru Report (1928)** = India's first attempt to draft a constitution; chaired by **Motilal Nehru**. • Demanded **Dominion Status** (not full independence); Jawaharlal Nehru was the committee's secretary. • Report rejected by Jinnah (Muslim League) and young leaders like Bose who wanted Purna Swaraj. • 💡 Aruna Asaf Ali = Quit India heroine; Jawaharlal Nehru = secretary, not chairman; Sapru = attended Round Tables.

Correct Answer: A. Lord Wavell

• **Lord Wavell** was NOT a member of Cabinet Mission — he was the Viceroy, not a British Cabinet minister. • Cabinet Mission 3 members: **Pethick-Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, A.V. Alexander** — all British Cabinet ministers. • Wavell participated in negotiations but was not part of the formal three-member mission. • 💡 Trick: Wavell = Viceroy present in India, not sent from London; the mission members came from the UK Cabinet.

Correct Answer: A. Karachi Session 1931

• **Karachi Session 1931** = famous for **Fundamental Rights and National Economic Programme** resolution. • Presided by **Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel**; held days after **Bhagat Singh's execution (March 23, 1931)**. • Resolution included free and compulsory education, adult franchise, equality of law for all. • 💡 Faizpur **1937** = first rural session; Lahore **1929** = Purna Swaraj; Tripuri **1939** = Bose vs Gandhi crisis.

Correct Answer: C. Jawaharlal Nehru

• **Jawaharlal Nehru** called GoI Act 1935 a **'Charter of Slavery'** and 'machine with all brakes and no engine'. • Despite criticism, Congress participated in **1937 elections** under this act and won 8 provinces. • Act had 321 sections, 10 schedules — longest act in British Parliament; influenced India's Constitution. • 💡 Bose = called it 'prison house'; Jinnah = partly accepted it; Gandhi = was in Harijan campaign, not directly opposing this Act.