Gandhian Era — Set 12

Correct Answer: C. Salt

• **Balsar (Valsad) Satyagraha** is associated with the **salt** movement — near Dharasana Salt Works, Gujarat. • The Dharasana Salt Satyagraha (**1930**) led by Sarojini Naidu was in the Balsar district. • **Bardoli** = no-tax (land revenue) movement; **Balsar** = salt-related agitations. • 💡 Liquor prohibition = not the primary Balsar Satyagraha; Land tax = Bardoli **1928**; Forest rights = tribal movements like Rampa Rebellion.

Correct Answer: B. Jawaharlal Nehru

• **Jawaharlal Nehru** wrote **'The Discovery of India'** during imprisonment at **Ahmednagar Fort (1942–46)**. • Traces India's history from **Indus Valley Civilisation** to the freedom struggle against the British. • Also wrote: **'Glimpses of World History'** and autobiography **'Toward Freedom'** during imprisonments. • 💡 Indira Gandhi = 'Letters from a Father to a Daughter'; Gandhi = 'My Experiments with Truth'; Tagore = 'Gitanjali' (Nobel).

Correct Answer: B. C.R. Das

• **C.R. Das (Deshbandhu)** = political guru of **Subhash Chandra Bose**; both led Bengal politics. • Bose served as CEO of Calcutta Municipal Corporation under Das; deeply influenced by his sacrifice. • C.R. Das co-founded **Swaraj Party (1923)** with Motilal Nehru; died in office 1925. • 💡 Tilak = extremist leader, not Bose's direct guru; Gandhi = ideological opponent of Bose; Gokhale = Gandhi's guru, not Bose's.

Correct Answer: B. Resignation of Congress Ministries

• **Day of Deliverance = December 22, 1939** — Muslim League celebrated **resignation of Congress ministries**. • Jinnah declared it deliverance from **'Hindu Raj'**; Congress resigned over WWII declaration. • This deepened Congress-League divide and strengthened Pakistan demand thereafter. • 💡 Formation of Pakistan = August 14, **1947**; Acceptance of August Offer = Congress-League both rejected it; End of WWII = Sept **1945**, not **1939**.

Correct Answer: C. Satyendranath Tagore

• **Satyendranath Tagore** = first Indian to pass and join the **ICS (Indian Civil Service) in 1863**. • He was the **elder brother** of Rabindranath Tagore; served in Bombay Presidency. • **Subhash Chandra Bose** passed ICS (1920) but resigned to join the freedom movement. • 💡 Surendranath Banerjee = dismissed from ICS later; Aurobindo Ghosh = attempted ICS; Bose = passed but resigned, not the first Indian.

Correct Answer: C. Subhash Chandra Bose

• **Subhash Chandra Bose** adopted and popularised **'Jai Hind'** as INA's battle cry and greeting. • The slogan means 'Victory to India'; used by INA soldiers instead of formal military salutes. • After independence, **Nehru closed his 'Tryst with Destiny' speech** with 'Jai Hind' — now a national tradition. • 💡 Gandhi = 'Do or Die' and 'Vaishnava Janato'; Bhagat Singh = 'Inquilab Zindabad'; Nehru = 'Tryst with Destiny' speech.

Correct Answer: D. Subhash Chandra Bose

• **Subhash Chandra Bose** founded the **All India Forward Bloc in 1939** after resigning as Congress President. • Aimed to unite radical left elements within and outside Congress; Bose served as its president. • Party still exists today (**2024**) and is active in West Bengal politics. • 💡 Acharya Narendra Dev = Congress Socialist Party; M.N. Roy = CPI founder; JP Narayan = Socialist Party — all separate from Forward Bloc.

Correct Answer: D. Act of 1909 (Minto-Morley)

• **Indian Councils Act 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms)** = introduced **separate electorates for Muslims**. • Lord **Minto** = Viceroy; Lord **Morley** = Secretary of State; Minto called 'Father of Communal Electorate'. • Aga Khan III led the **Simla Deputation (1906)** demanding separate Muslim electorate, granted in 1909. • 💡 Act of **1919** = Dyarchy; Act of **1935** = Provincial Autonomy/Federation; Act of **1892** = enlarged councils only, no separate electorates.

Correct Answer: D. Lord Hardinge II

• **Lord Hardinge II** = Viceroy when capital shifted from **Calcutta to Delhi in 1911** during Delhi Durbar. • **King George V** announced the shift at the Coronation Durbar; also revoked Bengal Partition. • A **bomb was thrown at Hardinge's elephant procession** in Delhi in 1912 (Rash Behari Bose implicated). • 💡 Lord Minto = **1905** Partition of Bengal; Lord Curzon = created Bengal Partition; Chelmsford = Montagu reforms and Jallianwala Bagh era.

Correct Answer: A. USA

• **Ghadar Party** founded in **San Francisco, USA in 1913** by **Lala Har Dayal** and Sohan Singh Bhakna. • 'Ghadar' means 'Mutiny/Revolt'; aimed to overthrow British through **armed revolution**. • Attempted to start a revolution in India during **WWI (1915)** but the plan was foiled. • 💡 Japan = not the founding location; Singapore = INA base; Germany = Bose went there **1941**; USA was where the Indian diaspora organised.