Gandhian Era — Set 7
Indian History · गांधी युग · Questions 61–70 of 170
The 'Butler Committee' (1927) was appointed to improve relations between:
Correct Answer: C. Indian Government and Indian States
• **Butler Committee (1927)** = appointed to. • Reaffirmed that paramountcy was with the **Crown directly**, not the Government of India. • Purpose: protect princes from accountability to a future elected Indian government. • 💡 India-Britain = Simon Commission's job; Congress-League = separate negotiations; Judiciary-Executive = not Butler Committee's mandate.
Who founded the 'Servants of God' or 'Khudai Khidmatgar' movement?
Correct Answer: B. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
• **Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan** founded **'Khudai Khidmatgar'** ('Servants of God') in **1929** in NWFP. • Members wore red uniforms and were called **'Red Shirts'** (Surkh Posh); committed to non-violence. • Organisation opposed British and later partition — Khan spent years in Pakistani jail after **1947**. • 💡 Maulana Azad = Congress leader; Zakif Hussain = late President of India; Mohammad Ali = Khilafat leader, different context.
The 'Lucknow Pact' of 1916 was an agreement between:
Correct Answer: A. Congress and Muslim League
• **Lucknow Pact (1916)** = agreement between **Congress and Muslim League** for joint demand of self-rule. • **Tilak** represented Congress; **Jinnah** represented Muslim League — hailed as 'Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity'. • Accepted separate electorates for Muslims in exchange for League supporting self-government demand. • 💡 Moderates-Extremists = Surat **1907** split; Congress-British = not a pact; Gandhi-Ambedkar = Poona Pact **1932**.
In which jail did Gandhi write the book 'Hind Swaraj'?
Correct Answer: B. He wrote it on a ship
• Gandhi wrote **'Hind Swaraj'** in **1909 on a ship** sailing from London to South Africa. • Written as a dialogue; condemns **modern civilisation** (railways, hospitals, lawyers) as enslaving. • Outlines Gandhi's vision: Swaraj through moral self-rule, not just political independence. • 💡 Tihar Jail = not where written; Yerwada Jail = Gandhi fasted **1932**, wrote other works; Aga Khan Palace = detained **1942**–44.
Who was the first woman President of the Indian National Congress?
Correct Answer: A. Annie Besant
• **Annie Besant** = first woman President of INC, presided **Calcutta Session 1917** (not an Indian woman). • Theosophist and founder of **Home Rule League (1916)** in India; also founded Banaras Hindu University with Malaviya. • **Sarojini Naidu** = first *Indian* woman Congress President in **1925** (Kanpur Session). • 💡 Nellie Sengupta = 2nd foreign woman president **1933**; Sarojini Naidu = first Indian woman not first woman; Indira Gandhi = became PM not INC President.
The 'Home Rule League' movement was launched by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and:
Correct Answer: C. Annie Besant
• **Home Rule League (1916)** = launched by **Tilak** (April, Pune) and **Annie Besant** (September, Madras). • Two separate leagues with different territories; demanded **self-government within British Empire**. • Inspired by Irish Home Rule movement; Besant was interned in **1917**, causing massive protests. • 💡 Sister Nivedita = Swami Vivekananda's disciple, not Home Rule; Madam Cama = raised flag abroad **1907**; Sarojini = poet/Congress leader.
The 'Sabarmati Ashram' was established by Gandhi in which city?
Correct Answer: A. Ahmedabad
• **Sabarmati Ashram** established by Gandhi in **Ahmedabad**, Gujarat (moved to Sabarmati banks in 1917). • Originally called 'Satyagraha Ashram' at Kochrab (1915); shifted to **Sabarmati River** in 1917. • Gandhi left Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, **1930** for Dandi March; vowed not to return till independence. • 💡 Porbandar = Gandhi's birthplace; Rajkot = his childhood town; Wardha = later Sevagram Ashram location.
Who gave the title of 'Mahatma' to Gandhi?
Correct Answer: D. Rabindranath Tagore
• **Rabindranath Tagore** gave Gandhi the title **'Mahatma'** (Great Soul) — widely accepted attribution. • They had a deep mutual respect but disagreed: Tagore questioned mass movements, Gandhi defended them. • Gandhi called Tagore **'Gurudev'**; Tagore was the first Asian to win Nobel Prize (Literature, 1913). • 💡 Gokhale = political guru; Nehru = 'Panditji'; Bose = called Gandhi 'Father of Nation' in radio address **1944**.
The 'Tripuri Crisis' of the Congress (1939) related to:
Correct Answer: C. Election of President
• **Tripuri Crisis (1939)** = Bose re-elected Congress President defeating Gandhi's candidate **Pattabhi Sitaramayya**. • Gandhi called Sitaramayya's defeat 'my own defeat'; Working Committee refused to cooperate with Bose. • Bose resigned in April 1939 and formed **Forward Bloc** to rally radical elements. • 💡 Bengal Partition = **1905** issue; Communal Electorates = **1909** Morley-Minto; Legislature entry = Swaraj Party debate **1923**.
Who was the Viceroy of India when the Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place?
Correct Answer: C. Lord Chelmsford
• **Lord Chelmsford** = Viceroy (1916–1921) during the **Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919)**. • **Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (Act 1919)** — introduced Dyarchy — also happened during his tenure. • Massacre ordered by **General Dyer** under Lt. Governor **Michael O'Dwyer** of Punjab. • 💡 Lord Minto = Morley-Minto reforms **1909**; Lord Curzon = Bengal Partition **1905**; Lord Irwin = Gandhi-Irwin Pact **1931**.