Gandhian Era — Set 13

Correct Answer: D. Dadabhai Naoroji

• **Dadabhai Naoroji** = **'Grand Old Man of India'**; first Indian elected to British Parliament (1892, Finsbury). • Famous for the **'Drain of Wealth' (Economic Drain) theory** — explained how Britain exploited India. • Wrote **'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' (1901)**; Congress President three times. • 💡 M.G. Ranade = social reformer; Tilak = 'Lokmanya'; Gokhale = political guru of Gandhi; Naoroji alone = Grand Old Man.

Correct Answer: C. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

• **Bal Gangadhar Tilak** started the Marathi newspaper **'Kesari'** and English paper **'Mahratta'** (both 1881). • 'Kesari' (meaning 'Lion') spread nationalist ideas boldly; Tilak jailed multiple times for its articles. • Tilak also popularised **Ganesh Utsav and Shivaji Jayanti** as mass mobilisation tools. • 💡 Bipin Chandra Pal = started 'New India'; Lajpat Rai = 'The People'; G.G. Agarkar = co-founded 'Sudharak', separate from Tilak later.

Correct Answer: B. 1925

• **Kakori Train Action (August 9, 1925)** — revolutionaries looted government treasury train near Lucknow. • Led by **Ram Prasad Bismil** and **Ashfaqulla Khan** (HRA members); train stopped near Kakori, UP. • **4 hanged**: Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh; many transported for life. • 💡 **1928** = HSRA formed at Feroz Shah Kotla; **1922** = Chauri Chaura; **1930** = Civil Disobedience; **1925** is the correct year.

Correct Answer: C. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

• **Bal Gangadhar Tilak** gave the slogan **'Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it'**. • Leader of the **Extremist (Garam Dal)** faction in Congress; opposed Moderate leaders like Gokhale. • Popularised mass agitation through **Ganesh Utsav, Shivaji Jayanti**, Kesari newspaper. • 💡 Bose = 'Give me blood, I'll give freedom'; Bhagat Singh = 'Inquilab Zindabad'; Gandhi = 'Do or Die'; Tilak alone = Swaraj birthright slogan.

Correct Answer: B. Rash Behari Ghosh

• **Rash Behari Ghosh** presided over the **Surat Session 1907** where Congress split into Moderates & Extremists. • Moderates (Gokhale, Naoroji) vs Extremists (Tilak, Lajpat Rai, Bipin Pal) — Lal-Bal-Pal trio. • Congress reunited at **Lucknow Session 1916** with the **Lucknow Pact** (Tilak-Jinnah agreement). • 💡 G.K. Gokhale = Moderate leader, not presiding; Naoroji = Grand Old Man; A.O. Hume = founder of Congress, not **1907** president.

Correct Answer: C. Japan

• **Komagata Maru** = Japanese steamship hired by **Baba Gurdit Singh** in **1914** to carry Indians to Canada. • **376 Indian passengers** (mostly Sikhs) denied entry at Vancouver due to racial immigration laws. • Upon return at Budge Budge (Calcutta), British police fired — **19 passengers killed**. • 💡 Germany = not where ship was from; Canada = where it was denied entry, not origin; Singapore = INA base, not Komagata Maru; Japan = ship's nationality, correct.

Correct Answer: A. Madan Mohan Malaviya

• **Madan Mohan Malaviya** founded **Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1916** in Varanasi. • Prominent educationist, journalist ('Abhyudaya'), and Congress president; called **'Mahamana'** by Gandhi. • Gandhi gave his **first major public speech** in India at BHU's opening (February 1916). • 💡 Gandhi = gave speech at BHU, didn't found it; Sir Syed Ahmed Khan = founded AMU **1875**; Nehru = founded IITs, not BHU.

Correct Answer: C. Gopal Krishna Gokhale

• **Servants of India Society** founded by **Gopal Krishna Gokhale** in **1905** in Pune. • Aimed to train dedicated 'national missionaries' for lifelong selfless service to India. • Focused on education, sanitation, social upliftment; Gandhi briefly considered joining it. • 💡 Tilak = founded Indian Home Rule League (**1916**); Lajpat Rai = founded Hindu Mahasabha; Bipin Pal = journalist and orator, not society founder.

Correct Answer: A. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

• **Maulana Abul Kalam Azad** = India's **first Education Minister** (1947–1958) — longest-serving. • His birthday **November 11** is celebrated as **National Education Day** since 2008. • Laid foundation for **IITs, UGC, AICTE, Sahitya Akademi**; also wrote 'India Wins Freedom'. • 💡 Rajagopalachari = first Indian G-G; S. Radhakrishnan = 2nd President, Teachers Day; Zakir Hussain = 3rd President, earlier Vice-Chancellor of AMU.

Correct Answer: B. Dhaka

• **All India Muslim League** founded in **Dhaka (now Bangladesh) in 1906** by Muslim leaders. • Key figures: **Aga Khan III** (president) and **Nawab Salimullah** of Dhaka; followed the Simla Deputation. • Jinnah joined in 1913; by 1940 passed **Lahore Resolution** demanding Pakistan. • 💡 Lahore = where Pakistan Resolution passed (**1940**); Delhi = India's capital; Karachi = first capital of Pakistan, not founding city of League.